Gist
A server is a computer or system that provides resources, data, services, or programs to other computers, known as clients, over a network.
Summary
A server is a hardware device or software that processes requests sent over a network and replies to them. A client is the device that submits a request and waits for a response from the server. The computer system that accepts requests for online files and transmits those files to the client is referred to as a “server” in the context of the Internet.
What is a Server?
A Server is a program or a device that provides functionality for called clients which are other programs or devices. This architecture is called the client-server model.
A single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices. Servers can provide various functionalities called services. These services include sharing data or resources among multiple clients or performing computations for a client. Multiple clients can be served by a single server, and a single client can use multiple servers.
Uses of Servers
A client process may run on the same device. It can also connect over a network to a server to run on a different device. Examples of servers may include database servers, mail servers, print servers, file servers, web servers, application servers, and game servers. Most frequently client-server systems are implemented by the request-response communication., i.e., a client sends a request to the server. In this model, the server performs some action and sends a response back to the client, typically with a result or acknowledgement.
Designating a computer as server-class hardware means that it is specialized for running servers on it. This implies that it is more powerful and reliable than standard personal computers. However large computing clusters may comprise many relatively simple, replaceable server components.
Details
A server is a software or hardware device that accepts and responds to requests made over a network. The device that makes the request, and receives a response from the server, is called a client. On the Internet, the term "server" commonly refers to the computer system that receives requests for a web files and sends those files to the client.
What are they used for?
Servers manage network resources. For example, a user may set up a server to control access to a network, send/receive e-mail, manage print jobs, or host a website. They are also proficient at performing intense calculations. Some servers are committed to a specific task or one website, often called dedicated servers. However, many servers today are shared servers that take on the responsibility of e-mail, DNS (domain name system), FTP, and multiple websites in the case of a web server.
Why are servers always on?
Because they are commonly used to deliver services that are constantly required, most servers are never turned off. Consequently, when servers fail, they can cause the network users and company many problems. To alleviate these issues, servers are commonly set up to be fault tolerant.
Examples of servers
The following list contains links to various server types.
* Application server
* Blade server
* Cloud server
* Database server
* Dedicated server
* Domain name service
* File server
* Mail server
* Print server
* Proxy server
* Standalone server
* Web server
How do other computers connect to a server?
With a local network, the server connects to a router or switch that all other computers on the network use. Once connected to the network, other computers can access that server and its features. For example, with a web server, a user could connect to the server to view a website, search, and communicate with other users on the network.
An Internet server works the same way as a local network server, but on a much larger scale. The server is assigned an IP address by InterNIC, or by web host.
Usually, users connect to a server using its domain name, which is registered with a domain name registrar. When users connect to the domain name (such as "computerhope.com"), the name is automatically translated to the server's IP address by a DNS resolver.
The domain name makes it easier for users to connect to the server, because the name is easier to remember than an IP address. Also, domain names enable the server operator to change the IP address of the server without disrupting the way that users access the server. The domain name can always remain the same, even if the IP address changes.
Where are servers stored?
In a business or corporate environment, a server and other network equipment are often stored in a closet or glass house. These areas help isolate sensitive computers and equipment from people who should not access them.
Servers that are remote or not hosted on-site are located in a data center. With these types of servers, the hardware is managed by another company and configured remotely by you or your company.
What is a Linux server?
A Linux server is a computer running a version of Linux that's connected to a network or the Internet. For example, many of the web servers that host web pages on the Internet are Linux servers.
Can my computer be a server?
Yes. Any computer, even a home desktop or laptop computer, can act as a server with the right software. For example, you could install an FTP server program on your computer to share files between other users on your network.
Although it is possible to have your home computer act as a server, keep the following ideas in mind.
* Your computer and the related server software must always be running to be accessible.
* When your computer is used as a server, its resources (e.g., processing and bandwidth) is taken away from what you have available to do other things.
* Connecting a computer to a network and the Internet can open up your computer to new types of attacks.
* If the service you're providing becomes popular, a typical computer may not have the necessary resources to handle all of the requests.
Additional Information
In computing, a server is a piece of computer hardware or software (computer program) that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients". This architecture is called the client–server model. Servers can provide various functionalities, often called "services", such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients or performing computations for a client. A single server can serve multiple clients, and a single client can use multiple servers. A client process may run on the same device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device. Typical servers are database servers, file servers, mail servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, and application servers.
Client–server systems are usually most frequently implemented by (and often identified with) the request–response model: a client sends a request to the server, which performs some action and sends a response back to the client, typically with a result or acknowledgment. Designating a computer as "server-class hardware" implies that it is specialized for running servers on it. This often implies that it is more powerful and reliable than standard personal computers, but alternatively, large computing clusters may be composed of many relatively simple, replaceable server components.
Operation
Strictly speaking, the term server refers to a computer program or process (running program). Through metonymy, it refers to a device used for (or a device dedicated to) running one or several server programs. On a network, such a device is called a host. In addition to server, the words serve and service (as verb and as noun respectively) are frequently used, though servicer and servant are not. The word service (noun) may refer to the abstract form of functionality, e.g. Web service. Alternatively, it may refer to a computer program that turns a computer into a server, e.g. Windows service. Originally used as "servers serve users" (and "users use servers"), in the sense of "obey", today one often says that "servers serve data", in the same sense as "give". For instance, web servers "serve [up] web pages to users" or "service their requests".
The server is part of the client–server model; in this model, a server serves data for clients. The nature of communication between a client and server is request and response. This is in contrast with peer-to-peer model in which the relationship is on-demand reciprocation. In principle, any computerized process that can be used or called by another process (particularly remotely, particularly to share a resource) is a server, and the calling process or processes is a client. Thus any general-purpose computer connected to a network can host servers. For example, if files on a device are shared by some process, that process is a file server. Similarly, web server software can run on any capable computer, and so a laptop or a personal computer can host a web server.
While request–response is the most common client-server design, there are others, such as the publish–subscribe pattern. In the publish-subscribe pattern, clients register with a pub-sub server, subscribing to specified types of messages; this initial registration may be done by request-response. Thereafter, the pub-sub server forwards matching messages to the clients without any further requests: the server pushes messages to the client, rather than the client pulling messages from the server as in request-response.
Hardware
Hardware requirement for servers vary widely, depending on the server's purpose and its software. Servers often are more powerful and expensive than the clients that connect to them.
The name server is used both for the hardware and software pieces. For the hardware servers, it is usually limited to mean the high-end machines although software servers can run on a variety of hardwares.
Since servers are usually accessed over a network, many run unattended without a computer monitor or input device, audio hardware and USB interfaces. Many servers do not have a graphical user interface (GUI). They are configured and managed remotely. Remote management can be conducted via various methods including Microsoft Management Console (MMC), PowerShell, SSH and browser-based out-of-band management systems such as Dell's iDRAC or HP's iLo.
Large servers
Large traditional single servers would need to be run for long periods without interruption. Availability would have to be very high, making hardware reliability and durability extremely important. Mission-critical enterprise servers would be very fault tolerant and use specialized hardware with low failure rates in order to maximize uptime. Uninterruptible power supplies might be incorporated to guard against power failure. Servers typically include hardware redundancy such as dual power supplies, RAID disk systems, and ECC memory, along with extensive pre-boot memory testing and verification. Critical components might be hot swappable, allowing technicians to replace them on the running server without shutting it down, and to guard against overheating, servers might have more powerful fans or use water cooling. They will often be able to be configured, powered up and down, or rebooted remotely, using out-of-band management, typically based on IPMI. Server casings are usually flat and wide, and designed to be rack-mounted, either on 19-inch racks or on Open Racks.
These types of servers are often housed in dedicated data centers. These will normally have very stable power and Internet and increased security. Noise is also less of a concern, but power consumption and heat output can be a serious issue. Server rooms are equipped with air conditioning devices.
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Gist
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
Summary
The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction. Exceptions to this are the action of cilia, the flagellum on sperm cells, and amoeboid movement of some white blood cells.
The integrated action of joints, bones, and skeletal muscles produces obvious movements such as walking and running. Skeletal muscles also produce more subtle movements that result in various facial expressions, eye movements, and respiration.
In addition to movement, muscle contraction also fulfills some other important functions in the body, such as posture, joint stability, and heat production. Posture, such as sitting and standing, is maintained as a result of muscle contraction. The skeletal muscles are continually making fine adjustments that hold the body in stationary positions. The tendons of many muscles extend over joints and in this way contribute to joint stability. This is particularly evident in the knee and shoulder joints, where muscle tendons are a major factor in stabilizing the joint. Heat production, to maintain body temperature, is an important by-product of muscle metabolism. Nearly 85 percent of the heat produced in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
Details
Muscles play a part in every function of the body. The muscular system is made up of over 600 muscles. These include three muscle types: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac.
Only skeletal muscles are voluntary, meaning you can control them consciously. Smooth and cardiac muscles act involuntarily.
Each muscle type in the muscular system has a specific purpose. You’re able to walk because of your skeletal muscles. You can digest because of your smooth muscles. And your heart beats because of your cardiac muscle.
The different muscle types also work together to make these functions possible. For instance, when you run (skeletal muscles), your heart pumps harder (cardiac muscle), and causes you to breathe heavier (smooth muscles).
Keep reading to learn more about your muscular system’s functions.
1. Mobility
Your skeletal muscles are responsible for the movements you make. Skeletal muscles are attached to your bones and partly controlled by the central nervous system (CNS).
You use your skeletal muscles whenever you move. Fast-twitch skeletal muscles cause short bursts of speed and strength. Slow-twitch muscles function better for longer movements.
2. Circulation
The involuntary cardiac and smooth muscles help your heart beat and blood flow through your body by producing electrical impulses. The cardiac muscle (myocardium) is found in the walls of the heart. It’s controlled by the autonomic nervous system responsible for most bodily functions.
The myocardium also has one central nucleus like a smooth muscle.
Your blood vessels are made up of smooth muscles, and also controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
3. Respiration
Your diaphragm is the main muscle at work during quiet breathing. Heavier breathing, like what you experience during exercise, may require accessory muscles to help the diaphragm. These can include the abdominal, neck, and back muscles.
4. Digestion
Digestion is controlled by smooth muscles found in your gastrointestinal tract. This comprises the:
* mouth
* esophagus
* stomach
* small and large intestines
* rectum
* the last part of the digestive tract
The digestive system also includes the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Your smooth muscles contract and relax as food passes through your body during digestion. These muscles also help push food out of your body through defecation, or vomiting when you’re sick.
5. Urination
Smooth and skeletal muscles make up the urinary system. The urinary system includes the:
* kidneys
* bladder
* ureters
* urethra
* male or female reproductive organs
* prostate
All the muscles in your urinary system work together so you can urinate. The dome of your bladder is made of smooth muscles. You can release urine when those muscles tighten. When they relax, you can hold in your urine.
6. Childbirth
Smooth muscles are found in the uterus. During pregnancy, these muscles grow and stretch as the baby grows. When a woman goes into labor, the smooth muscles of the uterus contract and relax to help push the baby through the math.
7. Vision
Your eye sockets are made up of six skeletal muscles that help you move your eyes. And the internal muscles of your eyes are made up of smooth muscles. All these muscles work together to help you see. If you damage these muscles, you may impair your vision.
8. Stability
The skeletal muscles in your core help protect your spine and help with stability. Your core muscle group includes the abdominal, back, and pelvic muscles. This group is also known as the trunk. The stronger your core, the better you can stabilize your body. The muscles in your legs also help steady you.
9. Posture
Your skeletal muscles also control posture. Flexibility and strength are keys to maintaining proper posture. Stiff neck muscles, weak back muscles, or tight hip muscles can throw off your alignment. Poor posture can affect parts of your body and lead to joint pain and weaker muscles. These parts include the:
* shoulders
* spine
* hips
* knees
The bottom line
The muscular system is a complex network of muscles vital to the human body. Muscles play a part in everything you do. They control your heartbeat and breathing, help digestion, and allow movement.
Muscles, like the rest of your body, thrive when you exercise and eat healthily. But too much exercise can cause sore muscles. Muscle pain can also be a sign that something more serious is affecting your body.
The following conditions can affect your muscular system:
* myopathy (muscle disease)
* muscular dystrophy
* multiple sclerosis (MS)
* Parkinson’s disease
* fibromyalgia
Talk to your doctor if you have one of these conditions. They can help you find ways to manage your health. It’s important to take care of your muscles so they stay healthy and strong.
Additional Information
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle) can be completely autonomous. Together with the skeletal system in the human, it forms the musculoskeletal system, which is responsible for the movement of the body.
Types
There are three distinct types of muscle: skeletal muscle, cardiac or heart muscle, and smooth (non-striated) muscle. Muscles provide strength, balance, posture, movement, and heat for the body to keep warm.
There are approximately 640 muscles in an adult male human body. A kind of elastic tissue makes up each muscle, which consists of thousands, or tens of thousands, of small muscle fibers. Each fiber comprises many tiny strands called fibrils, impulses from nerve cells control the contraction of each muscle fiber.
Skeletal
Skeletal muscle, is a type of striated muscle, composed of muscle cells, called muscle fibers, which are in turn composed of myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed of sarcomeres, the basic building blocks of striated muscle tissue. Upon stimulation by an action potential, skeletal muscles perform a coordinated contraction by shortening each sarcomere. The best proposed model for understanding contraction is the sliding filament model of muscle contraction. Within the sarcomere, actin and myosin fibers overlap in a contractile motion towards each other. Myosin filaments have club-shaped myosin heads that project toward the actin filaments, and provide attachment points on binding sites for the actin filaments. The myosin heads move in a coordinated style; they swivel toward the center of the sarcomere, detach and then reattach to the nearest active site of the actin filament. This is called a ratchet type drive system.
This process consumes large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy source of the cell. ATP binds to the cross-bridges between myosin heads and actin filaments. The release of energy powers the swiveling of the myosin head. When ATP is used, it becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and since muscles store little ATP, they must continuously replace the discharged ADP with ATP. Muscle tissue also contains a stored supply of a fast-acting recharge chemical, creatine phosphate, which when necessary can assist with the rapid regeneration of ADP into ATP.
Calcium ions are required for each cycle of the sarcomere. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcomere when a muscle is stimulated to contract. This calcium uncovers the actin-binding sites. When the muscle no longer needs to contract, the calcium ions are pumped from the sarcomere and back into storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
There are approximately 639 skeletal muscles in the human body.
Cardiac
Heart muscle is striated muscle but is distinct from skeletal muscle because the muscle fibers are laterally connected. Furthermore, just as with smooth muscles, their movement is involuntary. Heart muscle is controlled by the sinus node influenced by the autonomic nervous system.
Smooth
Smooth muscle contraction is regulated by the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and local chemical signals, allowing for gradual and sustained contractions. This type of muscle tissue is also capable of adapting to different levels of stretch and tension, which is important for maintaining proper blood flow and the movement of materials through the digestive system.
Physiology:
Contraction
Neuromuscular junctions are the focal point where a motor neuron attaches to a muscle. Acetylcholine, (a neurotransmitter used in skeletal muscle contraction) is released from the axon terminal of the nerve cell when an action potential reaches the microscopic junction called a synapse. A group of chemical messengers across the synapse and stimulate the formation of electrical changes, which are produced in the muscle cell when the acetylcholine binds to receptors on its surface. Calcium is released from its storage area in the cell's sarcoplasmic reticulum. An impulse from a nerve cell causes calcium release and brings about a single, short muscle contraction called a muscle twitch. If there is a problem at the neuromuscular junction, a very prolonged contraction may occur, such as the muscle contractions that result from tetanus. Also, a loss of function at the junction can produce paralysis.
Skeletal muscles are organized into hundreds of motor units, each of which involves a motor neuron, attached by a series of thin finger-like structures called axon terminals. These attach to and control discrete bundles of muscle fibers. A coordinated and fine-tuned response to a specific circumstance will involve controlling the precise number of motor units used. While individual muscle units contract as a unit, the entire muscle can contract on a predetermined basis due to the structure of the motor unit. Motor unit coordination, balance, and control frequently come under the direction of the cerebellum of the brain. This allows for complex muscular coordination with little conscious effort, such as when one drives a car without thinking about the process.
Tendon
A tendon is a piece of connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone.[8] When a muscle intercept, it pulls against the skeleton to create movement. A tendon connects this muscle to a bone, making this function possible.
Aerobic and anaerobic muscle activity
At rest, the body produces the majority of its ATP aerobically in the mitochondria without producing lactic acid or other fatiguing byproducts. During exercise, the method of ATP production varies depending on the fitness of the individual as well as the duration and intensity of exercise. At lower activity levels, when exercise continues for a long duration (several minutes or longer), energy is produced aerobically by combining oxygen with carbohydrates and fats stored in the body.
During activity that is higher in intensity, with possible duration decreasing as intensity increases, ATP production can switch to anaerobic pathways, such as the use of the creatine phosphate and the phosphagen system or anaerobic glycolysis. Aerobic ATP production is biochemically much slower and can only be used for long-duration, low-intensity exercise, but produces no fatiguing waste products that can not be removed immediately from the sarcomere and the body, and it results in a much greater number of ATP molecules per fat or carbohydrate molecule. Aerobic training allows the oxygen delivery system to be more efficient, allowing aerobic metabolism to begin quicker. Anaerobic ATP production produces ATP much faster and allows near-maximal intensity exercise, but also produces significant amounts of lactic acid which render high-intensity exercise unsustainable for more than several minutes. The phosphagen system is also anaerobic. It allows for the highest levels of exercise intensity, but intramuscular stores of phosphocreatine are very limited and can only provide energy for exercises lasting up to ten seconds. Recovery is very quick, with full creatine stores regenerated within five minutes.
Clinical significance
Multiple diseases can affect the muscular system.
Muscular Dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy is a group of disorders associated with progressive muscle weakness and loss of muscle mass. These disorders are caused by mutations in a person’s genes. The disease affects between 19.8 and 25.1 per 100,000 person-years globally.
There are more than 30 types of muscular dystrophy. Depending on the type, muscular dystrophy can affect the patient's heart and lungs, and/or their ability to move, walk, and perform daily activities. The most common types include:
* Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)
* Myotonic dystrophy
* Limb-Girdle (LGMD)
* Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD)
* Congenital dystrophy (CMD)
* Distal (DD)
* Oculopharyngeal dystrophy (OPMD)
* Emery-Dreifuss (EDMD).
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Gist
Cyanobacteria, formerly known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic microscopic organisms that are technically bacteria. They were originally called blue-green algae because dense growths often turn the water green, blue-green or brownish-green. These algae are found in all lakes and are a natural part of the lake ecosystem. Unfortunately, high nutrient concentrations can promote a population explosion of these organisms and result in algal blooms, especially during warm weather.
Summary
Blue-green algae are any of a large, heterogeneous group of prokaryotic, principally photosynthetic organisms. Cyanobacteria resemble the eukaryotic algae in many ways, including morphological characteristics and ecological niches, and were at one time treated as algae, hence the common name of blue-green algae. Algae have since been reclassified as protists, and the prokaryotic nature of the blue-green algae has caused them to be classified with bacteria in the prokaryotic kingdom Monera.
Like all other prokaryotes, cyanobacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, and endoplasmic reticulum. All of the functions carried out in eukaryotes by these membrane-bound organelles are carried out in prokaryotes by the bacterial cell membrane. Some cyanobacteria, especially planktonic forms, have gas vesicles that contribute to their buoyancy. Chemical, genetic, and physiological characteristics are used to further classify the group within the kingdom. Cyanobacteria may be unicellular or filamentous. Many have sheaths to bind other cells or filaments into colonies.
Cyanobacteria contain only one form of chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, a green pigment. In addition, they contain various yellowish carotenoids, the blue pigment phycobilin, and, in some species, the red pigment phycoerythrin. The combination of phycobilin and chlorophyll produces the characteristic blue-green colour from which these organisms derive their popular name. Because of the other pigments, however, many species are actually green, brown, yellow, black, or red.
Most cyanobacteria do not grow in the absence of light (i.e., they are obligate phototrophs); however, some can grow in the dark if there is a sufficient supply of glucose to act as a carbon and energy source.
In addition to being photosynthetic, many species of cyanobacteria can also “fix” atmospheric nitrogen—that is, they can transform the gaseous nitrogen of the air into compounds that can be used by living cells. Particularly efficient nitrogen fixers are found among the filamentous species that have specialized cells called heterocysts. The heterocysts are thick-walled cell inclusions that are impermeable to oxygen; they provide the anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment necessary for the operation of the nitrogen-fixing enzymes. In Southeast Asia, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria often are grown in rice paddies, thereby eliminating the need to apply nitrogen fertilizers.
Cyanobacteria range in size from 0.5 to 60 micrometres, which represents the largest prokaryotic organism. They are widely distributed and are extremely common in fresh water, where they occur as members of both the plankton and the benthos. They are also abundantly represented in such habitats as tide pools, coral reefs, and tidal spray zones; a few species also occur in the ocean plankton. On land, cyanobacteria are common in soil down to a depth of 1 m (39 inches) or more; they also grow on moist surfaces of rocks and trees, where they appear in the form of cushions or layers.
Cyanobacteria flourish in some of the most inhospitable environments known. They can be found in hot springs, in cold lakes underneath 5 m of ice pack, and on the lower surfaces of many rocks in deserts. Cyanobacteria are frequently among the first colonizers of bare rock and soil. Various types of associations take place between cyanobacteria and other organisms. Certain species, for example, grow in a mutualistic relationship with fungi, forming composite organisms known as lichens.
Cyanobacteria reproduce asexually, either by means of binary or multiple fission in unicellular and colonial forms or by fragmentation and spore formation in filamentous species. Under favourable conditions, cyanobacteria can reproduce at explosive rates, forming dense concentrations called blooms. Cyanobacteria blooms can colour a body of water. For example, many ponds take on an opaque shade of green as a result of overgrowths of cyanobacteria, and blooms of phycoerythrin-rich species cause the occasional red colour of the Red Sea. Cyanobacteria blooms are especially common in waters that have been polluted by nitrogen wastes; in such cases, the overgrowths of cyanobacteria can consume so much of the water’s dissolved oxygen that fish and other aquatic organisms perish.
Details
Cyanobacteria, also called Cyanobacteriota or Cyanophyta, are a phylum of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via photosynthesis. The name 'cyanobacteria' refers to their color (from Ancient Greek 'blue'), which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, blue-green algae, although they are not scientifically classified as algae. They appear to have originated in a freshwater or terrestrial environment.
Cyanobacteria are probably the most numerous taxon to have ever existed on Earth and the first organisms known to have produced oxygen. By producing and releasing oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, cyanobacteria are thought to have converted the early oxygen-poor, reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, causing the Great Oxidation Event and the "rusting of the Earth", which dramatically changed the composition of life forms on Earth.
Cyanobacteria use photosynthetic pigments, such as various forms of chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobilins to convert the energy in sunlight to chemical energy. Unlike heterotrophic prokaryotes, cyanobacteria have internal membranes. These are flattened sacs called thylakoids where photosynthesis is performed. Phototrophic eukaryotes such as green plants perform photosynthesis in plastids that are thought to have their ancestry in cyanobacteria, acquired long ago via a process called endosymbiosis. These endosymbiotic cyanobacteria in eukaryotes then evolved and differentiated into specialized organelles such as chloroplasts, chromoplasts, etioplasts, and leucoplasts, collectively known as plastids.
Sericytochromatia, the proposed name of the paraphyletic and most basal group, is the ancestor of both the non-photosynthetic group Melainabacteria and the photosynthetic cyanobacteria, also called Oxyphotobacteria.
The cyanobacteria Synechocystis and Cyanothece are important model organisms with potential applications in biotechnology for bioethanol production, food colorings, as a source of human and animal food, dietary supplements and raw materials. Cyanobacteria produce a range of toxins known as cyanotoxins that can cause harmful health effects in humans and animals.
Overview
* Cyanobacteria are found almost everywhere. Sea spray containing marine microorganisms, including cyanobacteria, can be swept high into the atmosphere where they become aeroplankton, and can travel the globe before falling back to earth.
* Cyanobacteria are a very large and diverse phylum of photosynthetic prokaryotes. They are defined by their unique combination of pigments and their ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. They often live in colonial aggregates that can take on a multitude of forms. Of particular interest are the filamentous species, which often dominate the upper layers of microbial mats found in extreme environments such as hot springs, hypersaline water, deserts and the polar regions, but are also widely distributed in more mundane environments as well. They are evolutionarily optimized for environmental conditions of low oxygen. Some species are nitrogen-fixing and live in a wide variety of moist soils and water, either freely or in a symbiotic relationship with plants or lichen-forming fungi (as in the lichen genus Peltigera).
Cyanobacteria are globally widespread photosynthetic prokaryotes and are major contributors to global biogeochemical cycles. They are the only oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes, and prosper in diverse and extreme habitats. They are among the oldest organisms on Earth with fossil records dating back at least 2.1 billion years. Since then, cyanobacteria have been essential players in the Earth's ecosystems. Planktonic cyanobacteria are a fundamental component of marine food webs and are major contributors to global carbon and nitrogen fluxes. Some cyanobacteria form harmful algal blooms causing the disruption of aquatic ecosystem services and intoxication of wildlife and humans by the production of powerful toxins (cyanotoxins) such as microcystins, saxitoxin, and cylindrospermopsin. Nowadays, cyanobacterial blooms pose a serious threat to aquatic environments and public health, and are increasing in frequency and magnitude globally.
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in marine environments and play important roles as primary producers. They are part of the marine phytoplankton, which currently contributes almost half of the Earth's total primary production. About 25% of the global marine primary production is contributed by cyanobacteria.
Within the cyanobacteria, only a few lineages colonized the open ocean: Crocosphaera and relatives, cyanobacterium UCYN-A, Trichodesmium, as well as Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. From these lineages, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are particularly important because they exert a control on primary productivity and the export of organic carbon to the deep ocean, by converting nitrogen gas into ammonium, which is later used to make amino acids and proteins. Marine picocyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus) numerically dominate most phytoplankton assemblages in modern oceans, contributing importantly to primary productivity. While some planktonic cyanobacteria are unicellular and free living cells (e.g., Crocosphaera, Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus); others have established symbiotic relationships with haptophyte algae, such as coccolithophores. Amongst the filamentous forms, Trichodesmium are free-living and form aggregates. However, filamentous heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria (e.g., Richelia, Calothrix) are found in association with diatoms such as Hemiaulus, Rhizosolenia and Chaetoceros.
Marine cyanobacteria include the smallest known photosynthetic organisms. The smallest of all, Prochlorococcus, is just 0.5 to 0.8 micrometres across. In terms of numbers of individuals, Prochlorococcus is possibly the most plentiful genus on Earth: a single millilitre of surface seawater can contain 100,000 cells of this genus or more. Worldwide there are estimated to be several octillion ({10}^{27}, a billion billion billion) individuals. Prochlorococcus is ubiquitous between latitudes 40°N and 40°S, and dominates in the oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) regions of the oceans. The bacterium accounts for about 20% of the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.
Morphology
Cyanobacteria are variable in morphology, ranging from unicellular and filamentous to colonial forms. Filamentous forms exhibit functional cell differentiation such as heterocysts (for nitrogen fixation), akinetes (resting stage cells), and hormogonia (reproductive, motile filaments). These, together with the intercellular connections they possess, are considered the first signs of multicellularity.
Many cyanobacteria form motile filaments of cells, called hormogonia, that travel away from the main biomass to bud and form new colonies elsewhere. The cells in a hormogonium are often thinner than in the vegetative state, and the cells on either end of the motile chain may be tapered. To break away from the parent colony, a hormogonium often must tear apart a weaker cell in a filament, called a necridium.
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8589869056
137438691328
2305843008139952128
2658455991569831744654692615953842176
191561942608236107294793378084303638130997321548169216
How to Find Perfect Number?
We can easily find perfect numbers using the following steps:
Perfect numbers are positive integers n such that n=s(n),
where, s(n) is the restricted divisor function (i.e., the sum of proper divisors of n), or equivalently
sigma(n)=2n,
where sigma(n) is the divisor function (i.e., the sum of divisors of n including n itself). For example, the first few perfect numbers are 6, 28, 496, 8128, … (OEIS A000396), since
6 = 1+2+3
28 = 1+2+4+7+14
496 = 1+2+4+8+16+31+62+124+248,
Perfect Numbers Solved Examples
Solved Example: Find out if 496 is a perfect number.
Solution: The proper factors of 496 are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 62, 124, and 248
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 31 + 62 + 124 + 248 = 496
496 is perfect.
]]>Gist
Tremor is a neurological condition that includes shaking or trembling movements in one or more parts of the body, most commonly affecting a person's hands. It can also occur in the arms, legs, head, vocal cords, and torso.
Summary
A tremor is an involuntary, somewhat rhythmic, muscle contraction and relaxation involving oscillations or twitching movements of one or more body parts. It is the most common of all involuntary movements and can affect the hands, arms, eyes, face, head, vocal folds, trunk, and legs. Most tremors occur in the hands. In some people, a tremor is a symptom of another neurological disorder.
Types
Tremor is most commonly classified by clinical features and cause or origin. Some of the better-known forms of tremor, with their symptoms, include the following:
* Cerebellar tremor (also known as intention tremor) is a slow, broad tremor of the extremities that occurs at the end of a purposeful movement, such as trying to press a button or touching a finger to the tip of one's nose. In classic cerebellar tremor, a lesion on one side of the brain produces a tremor in that same side of the body that worsens with directed movement. Cerebellar damage can also produce a "wing-beating" type of tremor called rubral or Holmes' tremor — a combination of rest, action, and postural tremors. The tremor is often most prominent when the affected person is active or is maintaining a particular posture. Cerebellar tremor may be accompanied by other manifestations of ataxia, including dysarthria (speech problems), nystagmus (rapid, involuntary rolling of the eyes), gait problems and postural tremor of the trunk and neck. Titubation is tremor of the head, hands, and torso and is of cerebellar origin.
* Dystonic tremor occurs in individuals of all ages who are affected by dystonia, a movement disorder in which sustained involuntary muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive motions or painful and abnormal postures or positions. Dystonic tremor may affect any muscle in the body and is seen most often when the patient is in a certain position or moves a certain way. The pattern of dystonic tremor may differ from essential tremor. Dystonic tremors occur irregularly and can often be relieved by complete rest. Touching the affected body part or muscle may reduce tremor severity (a geste antagoniste). The tremor may be the initial sign of dystonia localized to a particular part of the body. The dystonic tremor has usually a frequency of about 7 Hz.
* Essential tremor (sometimes inaccurately called benign essential tremor) is the most common of the more than 20 types of tremor. Although the tremor may be mild and nonprogressive in some people, in others, the tremor is slowly progressive, starting on one side of the body but affecting both sides within 3 years. The hands are most often affected but the head, voice, tongue, legs, and trunk may also be involved. Head tremor may be seen as a vertical or horizontal motion. Essential tremor may be accompanied by mild gait disturbance. Tremor frequency may decrease as the person ages, but the severity may increase, affecting the person's ability to perform certain tasks or activities of daily living. Heightened emotion, stress, fever, physical exhaustion, or low blood sugar may trigger tremors or increase their severity. Onset is most common after age 40, although symptoms can appear at any age. It may occur in more than one family member. Children of a parent who has essential tremor have a 50 percent chance of inheriting the condition. Essential tremor is not associated with any known pathology. Its frequency is between 4 and 8 Hz.
* Orthostatic tremor is characterized by fast (>12 Hz) rhythmic muscle contractions that occur in the legs and trunk immediately after standing up. Cramps are felt in the thighs and legs and the patient may shake uncontrollably when asked to stand in one spot. No other clinical signs or symptoms are present and the shaking ceases when the patient sits or is lifted off the ground. The high frequency of the tremor often makes the tremor look like rippling of leg muscles while standing. Orthostatic tremor may also occur in patients who have essential tremor, and there might be an overlap between these categories of tremor.
* Parkinsonian tremor is caused by damage to structures within the brain that control movement. This resting tremor, which can occur as an isolated symptom or be seen in other disorders, is often a precursor to Parkinson's disease (more than 25 percent of patients with Parkinson's disease have an associated action tremor). The tremor, which is classically seen as a "pill-rolling" action of the hands that may also affect the chin, lips, legs, and trunk, can be markedly increased by stress or emotion. Onset is generally after age 60. Movement starts in one limb or on one side of the body and usually progresses to include the other side. The tremor's frequency is between 4 and 6 Hz.
* Physiological tremor occurs in every normal individual and has no clinical significance. It is rarely visible and may be heightened by strong emotion (such as anxiety or fear), physical exhaustion, hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism, heavy metal poisoning, stimulants, alcohol withdrawal or fever. It can be seen in all voluntary muscle groups and can be detected by extending the arms and placing a piece of paper on top of the hands. Enhanced physiological tremor is a strengthening of physiological tremor to more visible levels. It is generally not caused by a neurological disease but by reaction to certain drugs, alcohol withdrawal, or medical conditions including an overactive thyroid and hypoglycemia. It is usually reversible once the cause is corrected. This tremor classically has a frequency of about 10 Hz.
* Psychogenic tremor (also called hysterical tremor and functional tremor) can occur at rest or during postural or kinetic movement. The characteristics of this kind of tremor may vary but generally include sudden onset and remission, increased incidence with stress, change in tremor direction or body part affected, and greatly decreased or disappearing tremor activity when the patient is distracted. Many patients with psychogenic tremor have a conversion disorder (see Post traumatic stress disorder) or another psychiatric disease.
* Rubral tremor is characterized by coarse slow tremor which is present at rest, at posture and with intention. This tremor is associated with conditions which affect the red nucleus in the midbrain, classically unusual strokes.
Neuropathic tremor may occur in patients with peripheral neuropathies, when the nerves that supply the body's muscles are traumatized by injury, disease, abnormality in the central nervous system, or as the result of systemic illnesses. It is most commonly observed in patients with an immunoglobulin M paraproteinaemic neuropathy (IgMNP), but also in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). The tremor is predominantely exhibited as an action or postural tremor with a frequency of 3 to 10 Hz. Peripheral neuropathy can affect the whole body or certain areas, such as the hands, and may be progressive. Resulting sensory loss may be seen as a tremor or ataxia (inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movement) of the affected limbs and problems with gait and balance. Clinical characteristics may be similar to those seen in patients with essential tremor.
* Neurogenic tremor is a self-induced tremor that is activated in humans. The mechanism is activated passive supine position, bringing the knees up and splitting them apart. The tremor is akin to the natural shaking mechanism in mammals to discharge stress and trauma.
Tremor can result from other conditions as well
* Alcoholism, excessive alcohol consumption, or alcohol withdrawal can kill certain nerve cells, resulting in a tremor known as asterixis. Conversely, small amounts of alcohol may help to decrease familial and essential tremor, but the mechanism behind it is unknown. Alcohol potentiates GABAergic transmission and might act at the level of the inferior olive.
* Tobacco withdrawal symptoms include tremor.
* Most of the symptoms can also occur randomly when panicked.
Details
Tremor is a neurological condition that includes shaking or trembling movements in one or more parts of the body, most commonly affecting a person’s hands. It can also occur in the arms, legs, head, vocal cords, and torso. The tremor may be constant, or only happen sometimes. Tremor can occur on its own or as a result of another disorder.
Tremor is not life threatening, but it may cause challenges and even lead to disabilities. Tremor can make daily life tasks such as writing, typing, eating, shaving, and dressing more difficult.
Common symptoms may include:
* Rhythmic shaking of the hands, arms, head, legs, or torso
* Shaky voice
* Difficulty with writing or drawing
* Problems holding and controlling utensils, tools, or other items
Some tremor can be triggered by stress or strong emotion, being physically tired, or being in certain postures or making specific movements.
What are the types of tremor?
Tremor is categorized based on when and how the tremor is activated. These categories are rest and action tremor. Rest tremor occurs when people are at rest. People with Parkinson’s disease often experience rest tremor. Action tremor occurs when a muscle is moved voluntarily. There are several sub-classifications of action tremor, many of which overlap.
* Postural tremor occurs when holding a position against gravity, such as holding the arms outstretched.
* Kinetic tremor is associated with any voluntary movement, such as moving the wrists up and down or closing and opening your eyes.
* Intention tremor starts when the person makes an intended movement toward a target, such as lifting a finger to touch their nose.
* Task-specific tremor only appears when performing goal-oriented tasks such as handwriting or speaking.
* Isometric tremor occurs during a voluntary muscle contraction that is not accompanied by any movement, such as when holding a heavy book in the same position.
Tremor syndromes are defined based on the pattern of the tremor. Some of the most common forms include:
Essential tremor
Essential tremor (previously also called benign essential tremor or familial tremor) is one of the most common movement disorders. Its key feature is a tremor in both hands and arms during action without other neurological signs. It also may affect a person’s head, voice, or lower limbs. Although the tremor can start at any age, it most often first appears during adolescence or in middle age (between ages 40 and 50). It can be mild and stay mild, or slowly get worse over time.
The exact cause of essential tremor is unknown. Studies show essential tremor is accompanied by a mild degeneration of the cerebellum, which is the part of your brain that controls movement coordination. Essential tremor is an inherited condition in 50-70% of cases (referred to as familial tremor). Familial forms often appear early in life.
Dystonic tremor
Dystonic tremor occurs in people who are affected by dystonia—a movement disorder in which incorrect messages from the brain cause muscles to be overactive, resulting in abnormal postures or sustained, unwanted movements. The disorder usually appears in young or middle-aged adults and can affect any muscle in the body, but most commonly affects the neck (cervical dystonia), vocal cords (laryngeal dystonia), or arms/legs (limb dystonia). A person with dystonic tremor can sometimes relieve their tremor by relaxing completely or touching the affected body part or muscle.
Cerebellar tremor
Cerebellar tremor is typically a slow, big (high amplitude) tremor of the arms, legs, hands, or feet that worsens at the end of a purposeful movement such as pressing a button. It is caused by damage to the cerebellum and its pathways to other brain areas, often from a stroke or tumor, injury from a disease or an inherited disorder, or from chronic damage due to alcohol use disorder.
Functional tremor
Functional tremor (also called psychogenic tremor) can appear as any form of tremor. Its symptoms may vary but often start suddenly and fluctuate widely. The tremor may increase with attention and decrease or disappear when the person is distracted.
Enhanced physiologic tremor
Enhanced physiologic tremor typically involves a fine amplitude (small) action tremor in both the hands and the fingers. It is generally not caused by a neurological disease but by reaction to certain drugs, alcohol withdrawal, or medical conditions including an overactive thyroid and hypoglycemia. It is potentially reversible once the cause is corrected.
Parkinsonian tremor
Parkinsonian tremor is common and one of the first signs of Parkinson's disease, although not all people with Parkinson's disease have tremor. Its shaking is most noticeable when the hands are at rest and may look as if someone's trying to roll a pill between the thumb and a finger. Parkinson's tremor may also affect the chin, lips, face, and legs. The tremor may initially appear in only one limb or on just one side of the body but may spread to both sides as the disease progresses. The tremor is often made worse by stress or strong emotions.
Orthostatic tremor
Orthostatic tremor is a rare disorder characterized by rapid muscle contractions in the legs that occur when a person stands up. The tremor usually stops when the person sits down or walks. Standing may make the person feel unsteady or unbalanced, causing them to try to sit or walk. Because this type of tremor involves very fast shaking, it may not be visible to the naked eye. Orthostatic tremor can be felt by touching the person’s thighs or calves or when a doctor listens to the muscle activities with a stethoscope. In some cases, the tremor can become more severe over time. The cause of orthostatic tremor is unknown.
Who is more likely to get tremor?
Tremor is most common among middle-aged and older adults, although it can occur at any age. Generally, tremor occurs in men and women equally.
Tremor is usually caused by a problem in the parts of the brain that control movements. Most types have no known genetic cause, although there are some forms that appear to be inherited and run in families.
Tremor can occur on its own or be a symptom of other neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or stroke. Tremor sometimes can be caused by other medical conditions, including but not limited to:
* Medicines. Several drugs can cause tremors, including certain asthma medications, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, and drugs used for certain psychiatric and neurological disorders.
* Heavy metals and other neurotoxins. Exposure to heavy metals (such as mercury, manganese, lead, math, etc.), organic solvents, or pesticides may cause tremors.
* Caffeine. Excessive caffeine may cause temporary tremor or make an existing tremor worse.
* Thyroid disorder. An overactive thyroid can cause tremors.
* Liver or kidney failure. Liver and kidney failure may cause damage in certain brain areas that leads to tremors or jerky movements.
* Diabetes. High or low blood sugar (hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, respectively) may cause tremors or other involuntary movements.
Stress, anxiety, or fatigue may be associated with tremors.
How is tremor diagnosed and treated?
To diagnose tremor, a doctor will perform a physical exam and review the person’s medical history. They will perform a neurological exam and test muscle tone and strength, reflexes, balance, and speech, and evaluate:
* Whether the tremor occurs when the muscles are at rest or in action
* The location of the tremor in the body (and if it occurs on one or both sides of the body)
* The appearance of the tremor (tremor frequency and amplitude/size)
A doctor may take blood or urine samples to rule out certain contributing factors to the tremor. Diagnostic imaging may help determine if the tremor is the result of damage in the brain. An electromyogram, which measures involuntary muscle activity and muscle response to nerve stimulation, may identify muscle or nerve problems.
Additional tests can help determine any functional limitations such as difficulty with handwriting or the ability to hold a fork or cup.
Treating tremor
Although there is no cure for most forms of tremor, treatments are available to help manage symptoms. In some cases, symptoms may be mild enough that they do not need treatment. Treating any underlying health condition can sometimes cure or reduce a person’s tremor.
Medications
Some medications can slow tremor. Some medications commonly used to treat tremor include:
* Beta-blocking drugs can treat essential tremor and other types of action tremor in some people.
* Certain anti-seizure medications can be effective to suppress essential tremor in people who do not respond to beta-blockers.
* Tranquilizers (also known as benzodiazepines) may be prescribed to temporarily help some people with tremor.
* However, these medications can negatively affect sleep, concentration, and coordination, and may cause physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms when stopped abruptly.
* Dopaminergic medications are often used to treat Parkinsonian tremors and other movement issues related to Parkinson’s disease.
* Anticholinergic medications can be used to treat dystonic tremors in some people.
* Botulinum toxin (commonly known as Botox) injections can be useful for dystonic head tremor and hand tremor. It can be also used for essential tremor patients who do not respond to oral medications.
Surgery
Surgical procedures may be performed when tremor does not respond to medications or severely impacts daily life.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the most common form of surgical treatment of tremor. It uses surgically implanted electrodes to send high-frequency electrical signals to the thalamus, the deep structure of the brain that coordinates and controls some involuntary movements. A small pulse-generating device placed under the skin in the person’s upper chest (similar to a pacemaker) sends electrical stimuli to the brain to temporarily stop tremor. DBS is currently used to treat parkinsonian tremor, essential tremor, and dystonia.
Radiofrequency ablation uses a radio wave to generate an electric current that disrupts nerves’ signaling ability for six or more months. It is usually performed on only one side of the brain to improve tremor on the opposite side of the body.
Focused ultrasound uses MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to deliver high frequency focused ultrasound that creates a lesion in tiny areas of the brain's thalamus thought to be causing the tremors. The treatment is approved only for people whose essential tremor does not respond well to anti-seizure or beta-blocking drugs.
Lifestyle changes for treating tremor
Certain lifestyle changes and techniques may provide some relief for mild to moderate tremor.
Physical, speech, and occupational therapy may help control tremor and adapt to daily challenges caused by the tremor.
Eliminating or reducing caffeine.
Assistive tools, such as special plates, spoons, or heavier utensils can lessen tremor and make it easier to eat.
Take medications on time. Talk with a doctor about stopping any medications that may be contributing to the tremor.
Reduce stress or stressful situations that can aggravate the tremor.
Wear clothes that make it easier to dress, such as those that use Velcro instead of buttons. Consider slip-on or no-tie shoes.
Get enough sleep. Some tremors worsen when a person is tired. Physical activity and exercise can help prevent fatigue and improve sleep.
What are the latest updates on tremor?
NINDS, a component of NIH, the leading supporter of biomedical research in the world, is the primary federal funding agency on tremor and other neurological disorders.
Researchers are working to better understand the underlying brain functions that cause tremor, identify the genetic factors that make individuals more likely to have tremor, and develop new and better treatment options.
Identifying brain functioning and disease markers
NINDS researchers are using non-invasive neuroimaging techniques to identify structural and functional changes in the brain. By developing sensitive and specific markers for movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and essential tremor, researchers can track changes as diseases progress. Other researchers are using functional MRI technology to better understand normal and diseased brain circuit functions and associated motor behaviors. Scientists also hope to develop digital tools capable monitoring tremor in real-time, outside of the clinic, which may help optimize the treatment. Some researchers are studying brain tissue donated by individuals with and without tremor to identify the brain changes associated with tremor and gain deeper insight into its cause and potential treatment targets.
Genetic discoveries
Essential tremor may have a strong genetic component affecting multiple generations of families. NINDS researchers are building on previous genetics work to identify genes that make people more susceptible to familial early-onset (before age 40) essential tremor. Researchers are focusing on multigenerational, early tremor onset families to better detect connections. Additionally, NINDS scientists are researching the impact of genetic changes on the development of essential tremor.
Medications and other treatment methods
Medications are effective in about 50% of individuals with tremor. In order to develop assistive and rehabilitative devices for people with essential tremor, researchers are exploring where and how to minimize or suppress tremor while still allowing for voluntary movements.
Many people with essential tremor respond to ethanol (alcohol); however, it is not clear why or how. NINDS researchers are studying the impact of ethanol on tremor to determine the correct dosage amount and its physiological impact on the brain, and whether other medications without the side effects of ethanol can be effective.
Other NIH researchers hope to identify the source of essential tremor, study the effects of currently available tremor-suppressant drugs on the brain, and develop more targeted and effective therapies.
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Welcome to the forum.
A cube has 6 faces so I'm confused that your shape needs 12 cubes.
Unfortunately it is not possible to upload images directly to the forum server. Are you using a laptop or something similar? If so, you can join imgur.com, upload there, and then copy the bbcode into a post. Our server looks there for the image and it is displayed ok. Members who are trying to do this from a phone have had limited success with this. The Imgur app does not handle bbcode properly. I'm hopeful that their programmers are trying to add this feature soon, but don't hold your breath.
What has worked, but it's a bit clumsy, is to get the https address and post that. Then members can view it indirectly.
What software are you using for your image?
Bob
]]>Gist
A combination lock is a lock which can only be opened by turning a dial or a number of dials according to a particular series of letters or numbers.
This system is used when a number of locks (such as those securing bedrooms in a hotel), each having a different key, must all be opened by a landlord or caretaker using a single key. Where the only security is by wards, a skeleton key that avoids the wards may be the type of master key chosen.
Details
A combination lock is a type of locking device in which a sequence of symbols, usually numbers, is used to open the lock. The sequence may be entered using a single rotating dial which interacts with several discs or cams, by using a set of several rotating discs with inscribed symbols which directly interact with the locking mechanism, or through an electronic or mechanical keypad. Types range from inexpensive three-digit luggage locks to high-security safes. Unlike ordinary padlocks, combination locks do not use keys.
The discs are mounted on one side of the lock, which may in turn be attached to the end of a chain or cable. The other side of the lock, or the other end of the cable, has a pin with several protruding teeth.
When the toothed pin is inserted and the discs are rotated to an incorrect combination, the inner faces of the discs block the pin from being extracted.
History
The earliest known combination lock was excavated in a Roman period tomb on the Kerameikos, Athens. Attached to a small box, it featured several dials instead of keyholes. In 1206, the Muslim engineer Al-Jazari documented a combination lock in his book al-Ilm Wal-Amal al-Nafi Fi Sina'at al-Hiyal (The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices). Muhammad al-Asturlabi (ca. 1200) also made combination locks, two of which are kept in Copenhagen and Boston Museums.
Gerolamo Cardano later described a combination lock in the 16th century.
US Patents regarding combination padlocks by J.B. Gray in 1841 and by J.E. Treat in 1869 describe themselves as improvements, suggesting that such mechanisms were already in use.
Joseph Loch was said to have invented the modern combination lock for Tiffany's Jewelers in New York City, and from the 1870s to the early 1900s made many more improvements in the designs and functions of such locks. However his patent claim states "I do not claim as my invention a tumbler composed of two disks, one working within the other, such not being my invention.", but there is no reference to prior art of this type of lock.
The first commercially viable single-dial combination lock was patented on 1 February 1910 by John Junkunc, owner of American Lock Company.
Types:
Multiple-dial locks
One of the simplest types of combination lock, often seen in low-security bicycle locks, briefcases, and suitcases, uses several rotating discs with notches cut into them. The lock is secured by a pin with several teeth on it which hook into the rotating discs. When the notches in the discs align with the teeth on the pin, the lock can be opened.
Single-dial locks
The rotary combination locks found on padlocks, lockers, or safes may use a single dial which interacts with several parallel discs or cams. Customarily, a lock of this type is opened by rotating the dial clockwise to the first numeral, counterclockwise to the second, and so on in an alternating fashion until the last numeral is reached. The cams typically have an indentation or notch, and when the correct permutation is entered, the notches align, allowing the latch to fit into them and open the lock.
The C. L. Gougler Keyless Locks Company manufactured locks for which the combination was a set number of audible clicks to the left and right, allowing them to be unlocked in darkness or by the vision-impaired.
In 1978 a combination lock which could be set by the user to a sequence of his own choosing was invented by Andrew Elliot Rae. At this time the electronic keypad was invented and he was unable to get any manufacturers to back his mechanical lock for lockers, luggage, or brief-cases. The silicon chip locks never became popular due to the need for battery power to maintain their integrity. The patent expired and the original mechanical invention was instantly manufactured and sold worldwide mainly for luggage, lockers, and hotel safes. It is now a standard part of the luggage used by travellers.
Other designs
Many doors use combination locks which require the user to enter a numeric sequence on a keypad to gain entry. These special locks usually require the additional use of electronic circuitry, although purely mechanical keypad locks have been available since 1936. The chief advantage of this system is that multiple persons can be granted access without having to supply an expensive physical key to each person. Also, in case the key is compromised, "changing" the lock requires only configuring a new key code and informing the users, which will generally be cheaper and quicker than the same process for traditional key locks.
Electronic combination locks, while generally safe from the attacks on their mechanical counterparts, suffer from their own set of flaws. If the arrangement of numbers is fixed, it is easy to determine the lock sequence by viewing several successful accesses. Similarly, the numbers in the combination (but not the actual sequence) may be determined by which keys show signs of recent use. More advanced electronic locks may scramble the numbers' locations randomly to prevent these attacks.
There is a variation of the traditional dial based combination lock wherein the "secret" is encoded in an electronic microcontroller. These are popular for safe and bank vault doors where tradition tends towards dial locks rather than keys. They allow many valid combinations, one per authorized user, so changing one person's access has no effect on other users. These locks often have auditing features, recording which combination is used at what time for every opening. Power for the lock may be provided by a battery or by a tiny generator set in operation by spinning the dial.
Internal mechanisms
A relock trigger, or internal relocker, is an integral part of the combination lock itself. It is usually designed to activate when the dial spindle is punched through. The trigger may consist of a spring-loaded lever or plunger that engages the bolt when the back cover is dislodged from the lock case. Some combination locks also are equipped with a thermal relock trigger that activates in the event of a torch attack. Nearly all safes made after World War II have relock triggers in their combination locks.
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Gist
Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell that carries out all of the functions needed by the organism, while multicellular organisms use many different cells to function. Unicellular organisms include bacteria, protists, and yeast.
Summary
Unicellular organisms are organisms consisting of one cell only that performs all vital functions including metabolism, excretion, and reproduction. Unicellular organisms can either be prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Examples of unicellular organisms are bacteria, archaea, unicellular fungi, and unicellular protists. Even though unicellular organisms are not seen by the naked eye, they have an indispensable role in the environment, industry, and medicine. Some of them may also be infectious or pathogenic to humans, animals, and plants.
Unicellular Definition
What is a unicellular organism? In contrast to multicellular organisms, single-celled organisms — or unicellular organisms — are groups of different living organisms consisting of one cell only. And that cell performs all vital functions, such as homeostasis, metabolism, and reproduction. Moreover, a single cell must be able to obtain and use energy, get rid of wastes, and transport materials. In contrast, multicellular organisms are made up of multiple cells and these cells have specific roles and may function together as a unit (tissue).
The cell of a unicellular organism has a protoplasm that contains various proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. The protoplasm is surrounded by a cell membrane that separates the internal components of the cell from the external environment. However, any cell should be able to interact with its external environment to obtain molecules from the outside and expel wastes to the outside.
Are bacteria unicellular? Yes! In fact, not only bacteria are unicellular but also archaea. Both bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic organisms. Unicellularity, though, is not exclusive to prokaryotes. Some eukaryotes live singly as well. Examples of single-celled eukaryotes are the unicellular algae, unicellular fungi, and protozoa.
Most living things composed of only one cell are microscopic and cannot be seen by the naked eyes. Unicellular organisms abound in nature. Even extreme habitats contain unicellular organisms. Some archaea, for instance, can survive in extreme environments, and so they are called extremophiles. They are typically resistant to extreme conditions such as temperature or pH.
Details
Unicellular organisms are organisms that have one cell. They are divided into two quite different types, from different classification kingdoms.
* The prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea, have cells with no nucleus and a simple cell structure.
* Eukaryotes have a nucleus, and a more complex cell structure.
The differences between the prokaryota and eukaryota are significant. Eukaryotes possess a nucleus and various subcellular organs called organelles, and prokaryotes do not.
Observations
Almost all unicellular organisms are microorganisms but you can observe eukaryotes and many prokaryotes by using a compound microscope. Bacteria just appear as dark dots. To gather unicellular organisms for observation, one can place a cover slip on the surface of pond water, and leave it overnight. By the next morning, numerous unicellular organisms will have grown entire colonies on the bottom of the slip. They multiply fast: colonies can double their size in between 30 minutes and a few hours.
Unicellular organisms can be found everywhere. The oldest forms of life existed 3.8 billion years ago, if not longer. They use a variety of strategies for survival: photosynthesis (cyanobacteria), chemotrophy (many archaea), and heterotrophy (amoeba). Some unicellular organisms have flagella, little tails they use for locomotion, or lobopods, extensions of the cellular skeleton (cytoskeleton), which appear as bloblike arms. The flagella of our unicellular ancestors occurs all the way up into the animals, where it makes an appearance as flagellated sperm.
Of all the six eukaryote supergroups, four are exclusively composed of unicellular organisms. Unicellular organisms vary in size, with the smallest bacteria measuring only a third of a micron (300 nanometers) across, ranging up to the titanic plasmodial slime molds, which can grow to 20 cm (8 in) across. The largest unicellular organisms may have millions of nuclei scattered throughout the cellular envelope. To observe some of the smallest unicellular organisms requires an electron microscope, while the very largest can be seen with a microscope or anything that enhances images.
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github.com/TARBCS/The-A.R.B-Strongest-Games-Programs-In-The-World
It now prints & saves all Patterns A,B,C to the screen & saves in an external file.
Now we have the Proof! for FLT
Below shows the 1st 1000 Cubes produced by my New! MAKE CUBE NUMBER PROGRAM! with the Patterns A,B,C
CUBE = 1 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 7 : PATTERNC1 = 1 : COUNT = 1
CUBE = 8 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 19 : PATTERNC4 = 4 : COUNT = 2
CUBE = 27 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 37 : PATTERNC9 = 9 : COUNT = 3
CUBE = 64 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 61 : PATTERNC6 = 16 : COUNT = 4
CUBE = 125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 91 : PATTERNC5 = 25 : COUNT = 5
CUBE = 216 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 127 : PATTERNC6 = 36 : COUNT = 6
CUBE = 343 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 169 : PATTERNC9 = 49 : COUNT = 7
CUBE = 512 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 217 : PATTERNC4 = 64 : COUNT = 8
CUBE = 729 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 271 : PATTERNC1 = 81 : COUNT = 9
CUBE = 1000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 331 : PATTERNC0 = 100 : COUNT = 10
CUBE = 1331 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 397 : PATTERNC1 = 121 : COUNT = 11
CUBE = 1728 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 469 : PATTERNC4 = 144 : COUNT = 12
CUBE = 2197 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 547 : PATTERNC9 = 169 : COUNT = 13
CUBE = 2744 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 631 : PATTERNC6 = 196 : COUNT = 14
CUBE = 3375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 721 : PATTERNC5 = 225 : COUNT = 15
CUBE = 4096 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 817 : PATTERNC6 = 256 : COUNT = 16
CUBE = 4913 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 919 : PATTERNC9 = 289 : COUNT = 17
CUBE = 5832 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1027 : PATTERNC4 = 324 : COUNT = 18
CUBE = 6859 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1141 : PATTERNC1 = 361 : COUNT = 19
CUBE = 8000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1261 : PATTERNC0 = 400 : COUNT = 20
CUBE = 9261 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1387 : PATTERNC1 = 441 : COUNT = 21
CUBE = 10648 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1519 : PATTERNC4 = 484 : COUNT = 22
CUBE = 12167 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1657 : PATTERNC9 = 529 : COUNT = 23
CUBE = 13824 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1801 : PATTERNC6 = 576 : COUNT = 24
CUBE = 15625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1951 : PATTERNC5 = 625 : COUNT = 25
CUBE = 17576 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 2107 : PATTERNC6 = 676 : COUNT = 26
CUBE = 19683 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 2269 : PATTERNC9 = 729 : COUNT = 27
CUBE = 21952 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 2437 : PATTERNC4 = 784 : COUNT = 28
CUBE = 24389 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 2611 : PATTERNC1 = 841 : COUNT = 29
CUBE = 27000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 2791 : PATTERNC0 = 900 : COUNT = 30
CUBE = 29791 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 2977 : PATTERNC1 = 961 : COUNT = 31
CUBE = 32768 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 3169 : PATTERNC4 = 1024 : COUNT = 32
CUBE = 35937 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 3367 : PATTERNC9 = 1089 : COUNT = 33
CUBE = 39304 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 3571 : PATTERNC6 = 1156 : COUNT = 34
CUBE = 42875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 3781 : PATTERNC5 = 1225 : COUNT = 35
CUBE = 46656 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 3997 : PATTERNC6 = 1296 : COUNT = 36
CUBE = 50653 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 4219 : PATTERNC9 = 1369 : COUNT = 37
CUBE = 54872 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 4447 : PATTERNC4 = 1444 : COUNT = 38
CUBE = 59319 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 4681 : PATTERNC1 = 1521 : COUNT = 39
CUBE = 64000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 4921 : PATTERNC0 = 1600 : COUNT = 40
CUBE = 68921 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 5167 : PATTERNC1 = 1681 : COUNT = 41
CUBE = 74088 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 5419 : PATTERNC4 = 1764 : COUNT = 42
CUBE = 79507 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 5677 : PATTERNC9 = 1849 : COUNT = 43
CUBE = 85184 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 5941 : PATTERNC6 = 1936 : COUNT = 44
CUBE = 91125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 6211 : PATTERNC5 = 2025 : COUNT = 45
CUBE = 97336 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 6487 : PATTERNC6 = 2116 : COUNT = 46
CUBE = 103823 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 6769 : PATTERNC9 = 2209 : COUNT = 47
CUBE = 110592 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 7057 : PATTERNC4 = 2304 : COUNT = 48
CUBE = 117649 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 7351 : PATTERNC1 = 2401 : COUNT = 49
CUBE = 125000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 7651 : PATTERNC0 = 2500 : COUNT = 50
CUBE = 132651 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 7957 : PATTERNC1 = 2601 : COUNT = 51
CUBE = 140608 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 8269 : PATTERNC4 = 2704 : COUNT = 52
CUBE = 148877 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 8587 : PATTERNC9 = 2809 : COUNT = 53
CUBE = 157464 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 8911 : PATTERNC6 = 2916 : COUNT = 54
CUBE = 166375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 9241 : PATTERNC5 = 3025 : COUNT = 55
CUBE = 175616 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 9577 : PATTERNC6 = 3136 : COUNT = 56
CUBE = 185193 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 9919 : PATTERNC9 = 3249 : COUNT = 57
CUBE = 195112 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 10267 : PATTERNC4 = 3364 : COUNT = 58
CUBE = 205379 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 10621 : PATTERNC1 = 3481 : COUNT = 59
CUBE = 216000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 10981 : PATTERNC0 = 3600 : COUNT = 60
CUBE = 226981 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 11347 : PATTERNC1 = 3721 : COUNT = 61
CUBE = 238328 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 11719 : PATTERNC4 = 3844 : COUNT = 62
CUBE = 250047 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 12097 : PATTERNC9 = 3969 : COUNT = 63
CUBE = 262144 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 12481 : PATTERNC6 = 4096 : COUNT = 64
CUBE = 274625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 12871 : PATTERNC5 = 4225 : COUNT = 65
CUBE = 287496 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 13267 : PATTERNC6 = 4356 : COUNT = 66
CUBE = 300763 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 13669 : PATTERNC9 = 4489 : COUNT = 67
CUBE = 314432 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 14077 : PATTERNC4 = 4624 : COUNT = 68
CUBE = 328509 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 14491 : PATTERNC1 = 4761 : COUNT = 69
CUBE = 343000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 14911 : PATTERNC0 = 4900 : COUNT = 70
CUBE = 357911 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 15337 : PATTERNC1 = 5041 : COUNT = 71
CUBE = 373248 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 15769 : PATTERNC4 = 5184 : COUNT = 72
CUBE = 389017 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 16207 : PATTERNC9 = 5329 : COUNT = 73
CUBE = 405224 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 16651 : PATTERNC6 = 5476 : COUNT = 74
CUBE = 421875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 17101 : PATTERNC5 = 5625 : COUNT = 75
CUBE = 438976 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 17557 : PATTERNC6 = 5776 : COUNT = 76
CUBE = 456533 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 18019 : PATTERNC9 = 5929 : COUNT = 77
CUBE = 474552 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 18487 : PATTERNC4 = 6084 : COUNT = 78
CUBE = 493039 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 18961 : PATTERNC1 = 6241 : COUNT = 79
CUBE = 512000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 19441 : PATTERNC0 = 6400 : COUNT = 80
CUBE = 531441 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 19927 : PATTERNC1 = 6561 : COUNT = 81
CUBE = 551368 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 20419 : PATTERNC4 = 6724 : COUNT = 82
CUBE = 571787 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 20917 : PATTERNC9 = 6889 : COUNT = 83
CUBE = 592704 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 21421 : PATTERNC6 = 7056 : COUNT = 84
CUBE = 614125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 21931 : PATTERNC5 = 7225 : COUNT = 85
CUBE = 636056 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 22447 : PATTERNC6 = 7396 : COUNT = 86
CUBE = 658503 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 22969 : PATTERNC9 = 7569 : COUNT = 87
CUBE = 681472 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 23497 : PATTERNC4 = 7744 : COUNT = 88
CUBE = 704969 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 24031 : PATTERNC1 = 7921 : COUNT = 89
CUBE = 729000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 24571 : PATTERNC0 = 8100 : COUNT = 90
CUBE = 753571 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 25117 : PATTERNC1 = 8281 : COUNT = 91
CUBE = 778688 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 25669 : PATTERNC4 = 8464 : COUNT = 92
CUBE = 804357 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 26227 : PATTERNC9 = 8649 : COUNT = 93
CUBE = 830584 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 26791 : PATTERNC6 = 8836 : COUNT = 94
CUBE = 857375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 27361 : PATTERNC5 = 9025 : COUNT = 95
CUBE = 884736 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 27937 : PATTERNC6 = 9216 : COUNT = 96
CUBE = 912673 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 28519 : PATTERNC9 = 9409 : COUNT = 97
CUBE = 941192 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 29107 : PATTERNC4 = 9604 : COUNT = 98
CUBE = 970299 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 29701 : PATTERNC1 = 9801 : COUNT = 99
CUBE = 1000000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 30301 : PATTERNC0 = 10000 : COUNT = 100
CUBE = 1030301 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 30907 : PATTERNC1 = 10201 : COUNT = 101
CUBE = 1061208 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 31519 : PATTERNC4 = 10404 : COUNT = 102
CUBE = 1092727 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 32137 : PATTERNC9 = 10609 : COUNT = 103
CUBE = 1124864 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 32761 : PATTERNC6 = 10816 : COUNT = 104
CUBE = 1157625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 33391 : PATTERNC5 = 11025 : COUNT = 105
CUBE = 1191016 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 34027 : PATTERNC6 = 11236 : COUNT = 106
CUBE = 1225043 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 34669 : PATTERNC9 = 11449 : COUNT = 107
CUBE = 1259712 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 35317 : PATTERNC4 = 11664 : COUNT = 108
CUBE = 1295029 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 35971 : PATTERNC1 = 11881 : COUNT = 109
CUBE = 1331000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 36631 : PATTERNC0 = 12100 : COUNT = 110
CUBE = 1367631 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 37297 : PATTERNC1 = 12321 : COUNT = 111
CUBE = 1404928 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 37969 : PATTERNC4 = 12544 : COUNT = 112
CUBE = 1442897 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 38647 : PATTERNC9 = 12769 : COUNT = 113
CUBE = 1481544 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 39331 : PATTERNC6 = 12996 : COUNT = 114
CUBE = 1520875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 40021 : PATTERNC5 = 13225 : COUNT = 115
CUBE = 1560896 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 40717 : PATTERNC6 = 13456 : COUNT = 116
CUBE = 1601613 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 41419 : PATTERNC9 = 13689 : COUNT = 117
CUBE = 1643032 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 42127 : PATTERNC4 = 13924 : COUNT = 118
CUBE = 1685159 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 42841 : PATTERNC1 = 14161 : COUNT = 119
CUBE = 1728000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 43561 : PATTERNC0 = 14400 : COUNT = 120
CUBE = 1771561 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 44287 : PATTERNC1 = 14641 : COUNT = 121
CUBE = 1815848 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 45019 : PATTERNC4 = 14884 : COUNT = 122
CUBE = 1860867 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 45757 : PATTERNC9 = 15129 : COUNT = 123
CUBE = 1906624 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 46501 : PATTERNC6 = 15376 : COUNT = 124
CUBE = 1953125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 47251 : PATTERNC5 = 15625 : COUNT = 125
CUBE = 2000376 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 48007 : PATTERNC6 = 15876 : COUNT = 126
CUBE = 2048383 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 48769 : PATTERNC9 = 16129 : COUNT = 127
CUBE = 2097152 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 49537 : PATTERNC4 = 16384 : COUNT = 128
CUBE = 2146689 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 50311 : PATTERNC1 = 16641 : COUNT = 129
CUBE = 2197000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 51091 : PATTERNC0 = 16900 : COUNT = 130
CUBE = 2248091 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 51877 : PATTERNC1 = 17161 : COUNT = 131
CUBE = 2299968 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 52669 : PATTERNC4 = 17424 : COUNT = 132
CUBE = 2352637 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 53467 : PATTERNC9 = 17689 : COUNT = 133
CUBE = 2406104 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 54271 : PATTERNC6 = 17956 : COUNT = 134
CUBE = 2460375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 55081 : PATTERNC5 = 18225 : COUNT = 135
CUBE = 2515456 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 55897 : PATTERNC6 = 18496 : COUNT = 136
CUBE = 2571353 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 56719 : PATTERNC9 = 18769 : COUNT = 137
CUBE = 2628072 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 57547 : PATTERNC4 = 19044 : COUNT = 138
CUBE = 2685619 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 58381 : PATTERNC1 = 19321 : COUNT = 139
CUBE = 2744000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 59221 : PATTERNC0 = 19600 : COUNT = 140
CUBE = 2803221 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 60067 : PATTERNC1 = 19881 : COUNT = 141
CUBE = 2863288 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 60919 : PATTERNC4 = 20164 : COUNT = 142
CUBE = 2924207 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 61777 : PATTERNC9 = 20449 : COUNT = 143
CUBE = 2985984 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 62641 : PATTERNC6 = 20736 : COUNT = 144
CUBE = 3048625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 63511 : PATTERNC5 = 21025 : COUNT = 145
CUBE = 3112136 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 64387 : PATTERNC6 = 21316 : COUNT = 146
CUBE = 3176523 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 65269 : PATTERNC9 = 21609 : COUNT = 147
CUBE = 3241792 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 66157 : PATTERNC4 = 21904 : COUNT = 148
CUBE = 3307949 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 67051 : PATTERNC1 = 22201 : COUNT = 149
CUBE = 3375000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 67951 : PATTERNC0 = 22500 : COUNT = 150
CUBE = 3442951 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 68857 : PATTERNC1 = 22801 : COUNT = 151
CUBE = 3511808 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 69769 : PATTERNC4 = 23104 : COUNT = 152
CUBE = 3581577 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 70687 : PATTERNC9 = 23409 : COUNT = 153
CUBE = 3652264 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 71611 : PATTERNC6 = 23716 : COUNT = 154
CUBE = 3723875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 72541 : PATTERNC5 = 24025 : COUNT = 155
CUBE = 3796416 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 73477 : PATTERNC6 = 24336 : COUNT = 156
CUBE = 3869893 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 74419 : PATTERNC9 = 24649 : COUNT = 157
CUBE = 3944312 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 75367 : PATTERNC4 = 24964 : COUNT = 158
CUBE = 4019679 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 76321 : PATTERNC1 = 25281 : COUNT = 159
CUBE = 4096000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 77281 : PATTERNC0 = 25600 : COUNT = 160
CUBE = 4173281 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 78247 : PATTERNC1 = 25921 : COUNT = 161
CUBE = 4251528 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 79219 : PATTERNC4 = 26244 : COUNT = 162
CUBE = 4330747 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 80197 : PATTERNC9 = 26569 : COUNT = 163
CUBE = 4410944 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 81181 : PATTERNC6 = 26896 : COUNT = 164
CUBE = 4492125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 82171 : PATTERNC5 = 27225 : COUNT = 165
CUBE = 4574296 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 83167 : PATTERNC6 = 27556 : COUNT = 166
CUBE = 4657463 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 84169 : PATTERNC9 = 27889 : COUNT = 167
CUBE = 4741632 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 85177 : PATTERNC4 = 28224 : COUNT = 168
CUBE = 4826809 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 86191 : PATTERNC1 = 28561 : COUNT = 169
CUBE = 4913000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 87211 : PATTERNC0 = 28900 : COUNT = 170
CUBE = 5000211 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 88237 : PATTERNC1 = 29241 : COUNT = 171
CUBE = 5088448 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 89269 : PATTERNC4 = 29584 : COUNT = 172
CUBE = 5177717 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 90307 : PATTERNC9 = 29929 : COUNT = 173
CUBE = 5268024 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 91351 : PATTERNC6 = 30276 : COUNT = 174
CUBE = 5359375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 92401 : PATTERNC5 = 30625 : COUNT = 175
CUBE = 5451776 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 93457 : PATTERNC6 = 30976 : COUNT = 176
CUBE = 5545233 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 94519 : PATTERNC9 = 31329 : COUNT = 177
CUBE = 5639752 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 95587 : PATTERNC4 = 31684 : COUNT = 178
CUBE = 5735339 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 96661 : PATTERNC1 = 32041 : COUNT = 179
CUBE = 5832000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 97741 : PATTERNC0 = 32400 : COUNT = 180
CUBE = 5929741 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 98827 : PATTERNC1 = 32761 : COUNT = 181
CUBE = 6028568 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 99919 : PATTERNC4 = 33124 : COUNT = 182
CUBE = 6128487 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 101017 : PATTERNC9 = 33489 : COUNT = 183
CUBE = 6229504 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 102121 : PATTERNC6 = 33856 : COUNT = 184
CUBE = 6331625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 103231 : PATTERNC5 = 34225 : COUNT = 185
CUBE = 6434856 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 104347 : PATTERNC6 = 34596 : COUNT = 186
CUBE = 6539203 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 105469 : PATTERNC9 = 34969 : COUNT = 187
CUBE = 6644672 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 106597 : PATTERNC4 = 35344 : COUNT = 188
CUBE = 6751269 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 107731 : PATTERNC1 = 35721 : COUNT = 189
CUBE = 6859000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 108871 : PATTERNC0 = 36100 : COUNT = 190
CUBE = 6967871 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 110017 : PATTERNC1 = 36481 : COUNT = 191
CUBE = 7077888 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 111169 : PATTERNC4 = 36864 : COUNT = 192
CUBE = 7189057 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 112327 : PATTERNC9 = 37249 : COUNT = 193
CUBE = 7301384 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 113491 : PATTERNC6 = 37636 : COUNT = 194
CUBE = 7414875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 114661 : PATTERNC5 = 38025 : COUNT = 195
CUBE = 7529536 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 115837 : PATTERNC6 = 38416 : COUNT = 196
CUBE = 7645373 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 117019 : PATTERNC9 = 38809 : COUNT = 197
CUBE = 7762392 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 118207 : PATTERNC4 = 39204 : COUNT = 198
CUBE = 7880599 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 119401 : PATTERNC1 = 39601 : COUNT = 199
CUBE = 8000000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 120601 : PATTERNC0 = 40000 : COUNT = 200
CUBE = 8120601 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 121807 : PATTERNC1 = 40401 : COUNT = 201
CUBE = 8242408 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 123019 : PATTERNC4 = 40804 : COUNT = 202
CUBE = 8365427 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 124237 : PATTERNC9 = 41209 : COUNT = 203
CUBE = 8489664 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 125461 : PATTERNC6 = 41616 : COUNT = 204
CUBE = 8615125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 126691 : PATTERNC5 = 42025 : COUNT = 205
CUBE = 8741816 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 127927 : PATTERNC6 = 42436 : COUNT = 206
CUBE = 8869743 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 129169 : PATTERNC9 = 42849 : COUNT = 207
CUBE = 8998912 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 130417 : PATTERNC4 = 43264 : COUNT = 208
CUBE = 9129329 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 131671 : PATTERNC1 = 43681 : COUNT = 209
CUBE = 9261000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 132931 : PATTERNC0 = 44100 : COUNT = 210
CUBE = 9393931 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 134197 : PATTERNC1 = 44521 : COUNT = 211
CUBE = 9528128 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 135469 : PATTERNC4 = 44944 : COUNT = 212
CUBE = 9663597 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 136747 : PATTERNC9 = 45369 : COUNT = 213
CUBE = 9800344 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 138031 : PATTERNC6 = 45796 : COUNT = 214
CUBE = 9938375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 139321 : PATTERNC5 = 46225 : COUNT = 215
CUBE = 10077696 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 140617 : PATTERNC6 = 46656 : COUNT = 216
CUBE = 10218313 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 141919 : PATTERNC9 = 47089 : COUNT = 217
CUBE = 10360232 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 143227 : PATTERNC4 = 47524 : COUNT = 218
CUBE = 10503459 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 144541 : PATTERNC1 = 47961 : COUNT = 219
CUBE = 10648000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 145861 : PATTERNC0 = 48400 : COUNT = 220
CUBE = 10793861 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 147187 : PATTERNC1 = 48841 : COUNT = 221
CUBE = 10941048 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 148519 : PATTERNC4 = 49284 : COUNT = 222
CUBE = 11089567 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 149857 : PATTERNC9 = 49729 : COUNT = 223
CUBE = 11239424 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 151201 : PATTERNC6 = 50176 : COUNT = 224
CUBE = 11390625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 152551 : PATTERNC5 = 50625 : COUNT = 225
CUBE = 11543176 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 153907 : PATTERNC6 = 51076 : COUNT = 226
CUBE = 11697083 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 155269 : PATTERNC9 = 51529 : COUNT = 227
CUBE = 11852352 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 156637 : PATTERNC4 = 51984 : COUNT = 228
CUBE = 12008989 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 158011 : PATTERNC1 = 52441 : COUNT = 229
CUBE = 12167000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 159391 : PATTERNC0 = 52900 : COUNT = 230
CUBE = 12326391 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 160777 : PATTERNC1 = 53361 : COUNT = 231
CUBE = 12487168 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 162169 : PATTERNC4 = 53824 : COUNT = 232
CUBE = 12649337 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 163567 : PATTERNC9 = 54289 : COUNT = 233
CUBE = 12812904 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 164971 : PATTERNC6 = 54756 : COUNT = 234
CUBE = 12977875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 166381 : PATTERNC5 = 55225 : COUNT = 235
CUBE = 13144256 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 167797 : PATTERNC6 = 55696 : COUNT = 236
CUBE = 13312053 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 169219 : PATTERNC9 = 56169 : COUNT = 237
CUBE = 13481272 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 170647 : PATTERNC4 = 56644 : COUNT = 238
CUBE = 13651919 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 172081 : PATTERNC1 = 57121 : COUNT = 239
CUBE = 13824000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 173521 : PATTERNC0 = 57600 : COUNT = 240
CUBE = 13997521 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 174967 : PATTERNC1 = 58081 : COUNT = 241
CUBE = 14172488 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 176419 : PATTERNC4 = 58564 : COUNT = 242
CUBE = 14348907 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 177877 : PATTERNC9 = 59049 : COUNT = 243
CUBE = 14526784 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 179341 : PATTERNC6 = 59536 : COUNT = 244
CUBE = 14706125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 180811 : PATTERNC5 = 60025 : COUNT = 245
CUBE = 14886936 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 182287 : PATTERNC6 = 60516 : COUNT = 246
CUBE = 15069223 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 183769 : PATTERNC9 = 61009 : COUNT = 247
CUBE = 15252992 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 185257 : PATTERNC4 = 61504 : COUNT = 248
CUBE = 15438249 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 186751 : PATTERNC1 = 62001 : COUNT = 249
CUBE = 15625000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 188251 : PATTERNC0 = 62500 : COUNT = 250
CUBE = 15813251 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 189757 : PATTERNC1 = 63001 : COUNT = 251
CUBE = 16003008 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 191269 : PATTERNC4 = 63504 : COUNT = 252
CUBE = 16194277 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 192787 : PATTERNC9 = 64009 : COUNT = 253
CUBE = 16387064 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 194311 : PATTERNC6 = 64516 : COUNT = 254
CUBE = 16581375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 195841 : PATTERNC5 = 65025 : COUNT = 255
CUBE = 16777216 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 197377 : PATTERNC6 = 65536 : COUNT = 256
CUBE = 16974593 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 198919 : PATTERNC9 = 66049 : COUNT = 257
CUBE = 17173512 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 200467 : PATTERNC4 = 66564 : COUNT = 258
CUBE = 17373979 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 202021 : PATTERNC1 = 67081 : COUNT = 259
CUBE = 17576000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 203581 : PATTERNC0 = 67600 : COUNT = 260
CUBE = 17779581 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 205147 : PATTERNC1 = 68121 : COUNT = 261
CUBE = 17984728 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 206719 : PATTERNC4 = 68644 : COUNT = 262
CUBE = 18191447 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 208297 : PATTERNC9 = 69169 : COUNT = 263
CUBE = 18399744 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 209881 : PATTERNC6 = 69696 : COUNT = 264
CUBE = 18609625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 211471 : PATTERNC5 = 70225 : COUNT = 265
CUBE = 18821096 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 213067 : PATTERNC6 = 70756 : COUNT = 266
CUBE = 19034163 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 214669 : PATTERNC9 = 71289 : COUNT = 267
CUBE = 19248832 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 216277 : PATTERNC4 = 71824 : COUNT = 268
CUBE = 19465109 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 217891 : PATTERNC1 = 72361 : COUNT = 269
CUBE = 19683000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 219511 : PATTERNC0 = 72900 : COUNT = 270
CUBE = 19902511 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 221137 : PATTERNC1 = 73441 : COUNT = 271
CUBE = 20123648 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 222769 : PATTERNC4 = 73984 : COUNT = 272
CUBE = 20346417 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 224407 : PATTERNC9 = 74529 : COUNT = 273
CUBE = 20570824 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 226051 : PATTERNC6 = 75076 : COUNT = 274
CUBE = 20796875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 227701 : PATTERNC5 = 75625 : COUNT = 275
CUBE = 21024576 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 229357 : PATTERNC6 = 76176 : COUNT = 276
CUBE = 21253933 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 231019 : PATTERNC9 = 76729 : COUNT = 277
CUBE = 21484952 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 232687 : PATTERNC4 = 77284 : COUNT = 278
CUBE = 21717639 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 234361 : PATTERNC1 = 77841 : COUNT = 279
CUBE = 21952000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 236041 : PATTERNC0 = 78400 : COUNT = 280
CUBE = 22188041 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 237727 : PATTERNC1 = 78961 : COUNT = 281
CUBE = 22425768 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 239419 : PATTERNC4 = 79524 : COUNT = 282
CUBE = 22665187 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 241117 : PATTERNC9 = 80089 : COUNT = 283
CUBE = 22906304 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 242821 : PATTERNC6 = 80656 : COUNT = 284
CUBE = 23149125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 244531 : PATTERNC5 = 81225 : COUNT = 285
CUBE = 23393656 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 246247 : PATTERNC6 = 81796 : COUNT = 286
CUBE = 23639903 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 247969 : PATTERNC9 = 82369 : COUNT = 287
CUBE = 23887872 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 249697 : PATTERNC4 = 82944 : COUNT = 288
CUBE = 24137569 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 251431 : PATTERNC1 = 83521 : COUNT = 289
CUBE = 24389000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 253171 : PATTERNC0 = 84100 : COUNT = 290
CUBE = 24642171 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 254917 : PATTERNC1 = 84681 : COUNT = 291
CUBE = 24897088 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 256669 : PATTERNC4 = 85264 : COUNT = 292
CUBE = 25153757 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 258427 : PATTERNC9 = 85849 : COUNT = 293
CUBE = 25412184 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 260191 : PATTERNC6 = 86436 : COUNT = 294
CUBE = 25672375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 261961 : PATTERNC5 = 87025 : COUNT = 295
CUBE = 25934336 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 263737 : PATTERNC6 = 87616 : COUNT = 296
CUBE = 26198073 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 265519 : PATTERNC9 = 88209 : COUNT = 297
CUBE = 26463592 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 267307 : PATTERNC4 = 88804 : COUNT = 298
CUBE = 26730899 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 269101 : PATTERNC1 = 89401 : COUNT = 299
CUBE = 27000000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 270901 : PATTERNC0 = 90000 : COUNT = 300
CUBE = 27270901 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 272707 : PATTERNC1 = 90601 : COUNT = 301
CUBE = 27543608 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 274519 : PATTERNC4 = 91204 : COUNT = 302
CUBE = 27818127 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 276337 : PATTERNC9 = 91809 : COUNT = 303
CUBE = 28094464 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 278161 : PATTERNC6 = 92416 : COUNT = 304
CUBE = 28372625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 279991 : PATTERNC5 = 93025 : COUNT = 305
CUBE = 28652616 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 281827 : PATTERNC6 = 93636 : COUNT = 306
CUBE = 28934443 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 283669 : PATTERNC9 = 94249 : COUNT = 307
CUBE = 29218112 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 285517 : PATTERNC4 = 94864 : COUNT = 308
CUBE = 29503629 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 287371 : PATTERNC1 = 95481 : COUNT = 309
CUBE = 29791000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 289231 : PATTERNC0 = 96100 : COUNT = 310
CUBE = 30080231 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 291097 : PATTERNC1 = 96721 : COUNT = 311
CUBE = 30371328 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 292969 : PATTERNC4 = 97344 : COUNT = 312
CUBE = 30664297 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 294847 : PATTERNC9 = 97969 : COUNT = 313
CUBE = 30959144 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 296731 : PATTERNC6 = 98596 : COUNT = 314
CUBE = 31255875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 298621 : PATTERNC5 = 99225 : COUNT = 315
CUBE = 31554496 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 300517 : PATTERNC6 = 99856 : COUNT = 316
CUBE = 31855013 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 302419 : PATTERNC9 = 100489 : COUNT = 317
CUBE = 32157432 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 304327 : PATTERNC4 = 101124 : COUNT = 318
CUBE = 32461759 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 306241 : PATTERNC1 = 101761 : COUNT = 319
CUBE = 32768000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 308161 : PATTERNC0 = 102400 : COUNT = 320
CUBE = 33076161 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 310087 : PATTERNC1 = 103041 : COUNT = 321
CUBE = 33386248 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 312019 : PATTERNC4 = 103684 : COUNT = 322
CUBE = 33698267 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 313957 : PATTERNC9 = 104329 : COUNT = 323
CUBE = 34012224 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 315901 : PATTERNC6 = 104976 : COUNT = 324
CUBE = 34328125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 317851 : PATTERNC5 = 105625 : COUNT = 325
CUBE = 34645976 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 319807 : PATTERNC6 = 106276 : COUNT = 326
CUBE = 34965783 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 321769 : PATTERNC9 = 106929 : COUNT = 327
CUBE = 35287552 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 323737 : PATTERNC4 = 107584 : COUNT = 328
CUBE = 35611289 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 325711 : PATTERNC1 = 108241 : COUNT = 329
CUBE = 35937000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 327691 : PATTERNC0 = 108900 : COUNT = 330
CUBE = 36264691 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 329677 : PATTERNC1 = 109561 : COUNT = 331
CUBE = 36594368 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 331669 : PATTERNC4 = 110224 : COUNT = 332
CUBE = 36926037 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 333667 : PATTERNC9 = 110889 : COUNT = 333
CUBE = 37259704 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 335671 : PATTERNC6 = 111556 : COUNT = 334
CUBE = 37595375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 337681 : PATTERNC5 = 112225 : COUNT = 335
CUBE = 37933056 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 339697 : PATTERNC6 = 112896 : COUNT = 336
CUBE = 38272753 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 341719 : PATTERNC9 = 113569 : COUNT = 337
CUBE = 38614472 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 343747 : PATTERNC4 = 114244 : COUNT = 338
CUBE = 38958219 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 345781 : PATTERNC1 = 114921 : COUNT = 339
CUBE = 39304000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 347821 : PATTERNC0 = 115600 : COUNT = 340
CUBE = 39651821 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 349867 : PATTERNC1 = 116281 : COUNT = 341
CUBE = 40001688 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 351919 : PATTERNC4 = 116964 : COUNT = 342
CUBE = 40353607 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 353977 : PATTERNC9 = 117649 : COUNT = 343
CUBE = 40707584 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 356041 : PATTERNC6 = 118336 : COUNT = 344
CUBE = 41063625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 358111 : PATTERNC5 = 119025 : COUNT = 345
CUBE = 41421736 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 360187 : PATTERNC6 = 119716 : COUNT = 346
CUBE = 41781923 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 362269 : PATTERNC9 = 120409 : COUNT = 347
CUBE = 42144192 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 364357 : PATTERNC4 = 121104 : COUNT = 348
CUBE = 42508549 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 366451 : PATTERNC1 = 121801 : COUNT = 349
CUBE = 42875000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 368551 : PATTERNC0 = 122500 : COUNT = 350
CUBE = 43243551 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 370657 : PATTERNC1 = 123201 : COUNT = 351
CUBE = 43614208 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 372769 : PATTERNC4 = 123904 : COUNT = 352
CUBE = 43986977 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 374887 : PATTERNC9 = 124609 : COUNT = 353
CUBE = 44361864 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 377011 : PATTERNC6 = 125316 : COUNT = 354
CUBE = 44738875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 379141 : PATTERNC5 = 126025 : COUNT = 355
CUBE = 45118016 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 381277 : PATTERNC6 = 126736 : COUNT = 356
CUBE = 45499293 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 383419 : PATTERNC9 = 127449 : COUNT = 357
CUBE = 45882712 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 385567 : PATTERNC4 = 128164 : COUNT = 358
CUBE = 46268279 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 387721 : PATTERNC1 = 128881 : COUNT = 359
CUBE = 46656000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 389881 : PATTERNC0 = 129600 : COUNT = 360
CUBE = 47045881 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 392047 : PATTERNC1 = 130321 : COUNT = 361
CUBE = 47437928 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 394219 : PATTERNC4 = 131044 : COUNT = 362
CUBE = 47832147 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 396397 : PATTERNC9 = 131769 : COUNT = 363
CUBE = 48228544 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 398581 : PATTERNC6 = 132496 : COUNT = 364
CUBE = 48627125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 400771 : PATTERNC5 = 133225 : COUNT = 365
CUBE = 49027896 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 402967 : PATTERNC6 = 133956 : COUNT = 366
CUBE = 49430863 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 405169 : PATTERNC9 = 134689 : COUNT = 367
CUBE = 49836032 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 407377 : PATTERNC4 = 135424 : COUNT = 368
CUBE = 50243409 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 409591 : PATTERNC1 = 136161 : COUNT = 369
CUBE = 50653000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 411811 : PATTERNC0 = 136900 : COUNT = 370
CUBE = 51064811 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 414037 : PATTERNC1 = 137641 : COUNT = 371
CUBE = 51478848 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 416269 : PATTERNC4 = 138384 : COUNT = 372
CUBE = 51895117 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 418507 : PATTERNC9 = 139129 : COUNT = 373
CUBE = 52313624 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 420751 : PATTERNC6 = 139876 : COUNT = 374
CUBE = 52734375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 423001 : PATTERNC5 = 140625 : COUNT = 375
CUBE = 53157376 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 425257 : PATTERNC6 = 141376 : COUNT = 376
CUBE = 53582633 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 427519 : PATTERNC9 = 142129 : COUNT = 377
CUBE = 54010152 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 429787 : PATTERNC4 = 142884 : COUNT = 378
CUBE = 54439939 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 432061 : PATTERNC1 = 143641 : COUNT = 379
CUBE = 54872000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 434341 : PATTERNC0 = 144400 : COUNT = 380
CUBE = 55306341 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 436627 : PATTERNC1 = 145161 : COUNT = 381
CUBE = 55742968 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 438919 : PATTERNC4 = 145924 : COUNT = 382
CUBE = 56181887 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 441217 : PATTERNC9 = 146689 : COUNT = 383
CUBE = 56623104 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 443521 : PATTERNC6 = 147456 : COUNT = 384
CUBE = 57066625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 445831 : PATTERNC5 = 148225 : COUNT = 385
CUBE = 57512456 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 448147 : PATTERNC6 = 148996 : COUNT = 386
CUBE = 57960603 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 450469 : PATTERNC9 = 149769 : COUNT = 387
CUBE = 58411072 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 452797 : PATTERNC4 = 150544 : COUNT = 388
CUBE = 58863869 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 455131 : PATTERNC1 = 151321 : COUNT = 389
CUBE = 59319000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 457471 : PATTERNC0 = 152100 : COUNT = 390
CUBE = 59776471 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 459817 : PATTERNC1 = 152881 : COUNT = 391
CUBE = 60236288 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 462169 : PATTERNC4 = 153664 : COUNT = 392
CUBE = 60698457 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 464527 : PATTERNC9 = 154449 : COUNT = 393
CUBE = 61162984 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 466891 : PATTERNC6 = 155236 : COUNT = 394
CUBE = 61629875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 469261 : PATTERNC5 = 156025 : COUNT = 395
CUBE = 62099136 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 471637 : PATTERNC6 = 156816 : COUNT = 396
CUBE = 62570773 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 474019 : PATTERNC9 = 157609 : COUNT = 397
CUBE = 63044792 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 476407 : PATTERNC4 = 158404 : COUNT = 398
CUBE = 63521199 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 478801 : PATTERNC1 = 159201 : COUNT = 399
CUBE = 64000000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 481201 : PATTERNC0 = 160000 : COUNT = 400
CUBE = 64481201 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 483607 : PATTERNC1 = 160801 : COUNT = 401
CUBE = 64964808 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 486019 : PATTERNC4 = 161604 : COUNT = 402
CUBE = 65450827 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 488437 : PATTERNC9 = 162409 : COUNT = 403
CUBE = 65939264 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 490861 : PATTERNC6 = 163216 : COUNT = 404
CUBE = 66430125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 493291 : PATTERNC5 = 164025 : COUNT = 405
CUBE = 66923416 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 495727 : PATTERNC6 = 164836 : COUNT = 406
CUBE = 67419143 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 498169 : PATTERNC9 = 165649 : COUNT = 407
CUBE = 67917312 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 500617 : PATTERNC4 = 166464 : COUNT = 408
CUBE = 68417929 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 503071 : PATTERNC1 = 167281 : COUNT = 409
CUBE = 68921000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 505531 : PATTERNC0 = 168100 : COUNT = 410
CUBE = 69426531 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 507997 : PATTERNC1 = 168921 : COUNT = 411
CUBE = 69934528 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 510469 : PATTERNC4 = 169744 : COUNT = 412
CUBE = 70444997 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 512947 : PATTERNC9 = 170569 : COUNT = 413
CUBE = 70957944 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 515431 : PATTERNC6 = 171396 : COUNT = 414
CUBE = 71473375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 517921 : PATTERNC5 = 172225 : COUNT = 415
CUBE = 71991296 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 520417 : PATTERNC6 = 173056 : COUNT = 416
CUBE = 72511713 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 522919 : PATTERNC9 = 173889 : COUNT = 417
CUBE = 73034632 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 525427 : PATTERNC4 = 174724 : COUNT = 418
CUBE = 73560059 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 527941 : PATTERNC1 = 175561 : COUNT = 419
CUBE = 74088000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 530461 : PATTERNC0 = 176400 : COUNT = 420
CUBE = 74618461 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 532987 : PATTERNC1 = 177241 : COUNT = 421
CUBE = 75151448 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 535519 : PATTERNC4 = 178084 : COUNT = 422
CUBE = 75686967 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 538057 : PATTERNC9 = 178929 : COUNT = 423
CUBE = 76225024 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 540601 : PATTERNC6 = 179776 : COUNT = 424
CUBE = 76765625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 543151 : PATTERNC5 = 180625 : COUNT = 425
CUBE = 77308776 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 545707 : PATTERNC6 = 181476 : COUNT = 426
CUBE = 77854483 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 548269 : PATTERNC9 = 182329 : COUNT = 427
CUBE = 78402752 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 550837 : PATTERNC4 = 183184 : COUNT = 428
CUBE = 78953589 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 553411 : PATTERNC1 = 184041 : COUNT = 429
CUBE = 79507000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 555991 : PATTERNC0 = 184900 : COUNT = 430
CUBE = 80062991 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 558577 : PATTERNC1 = 185761 : COUNT = 431
CUBE = 80621568 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 561169 : PATTERNC4 = 186624 : COUNT = 432
CUBE = 81182737 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 563767 : PATTERNC9 = 187489 : COUNT = 433
CUBE = 81746504 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 566371 : PATTERNC6 = 188356 : COUNT = 434
CUBE = 82312875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 568981 : PATTERNC5 = 189225 : COUNT = 435
CUBE = 82881856 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 571597 : PATTERNC6 = 190096 : COUNT = 436
CUBE = 83453453 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 574219 : PATTERNC9 = 190969 : COUNT = 437
CUBE = 84027672 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 576847 : PATTERNC4 = 191844 : COUNT = 438
CUBE = 84604519 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 579481 : PATTERNC1 = 192721 : COUNT = 439
CUBE = 85184000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 582121 : PATTERNC0 = 193600 : COUNT = 440
CUBE = 85766121 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 584767 : PATTERNC1 = 194481 : COUNT = 441
CUBE = 86350888 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 587419 : PATTERNC4 = 195364 : COUNT = 442
CUBE = 86938307 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 590077 : PATTERNC9 = 196249 : COUNT = 443
CUBE = 87528384 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 592741 : PATTERNC6 = 197136 : COUNT = 444
CUBE = 88121125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 595411 : PATTERNC5 = 198025 : COUNT = 445
CUBE = 88716536 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 598087 : PATTERNC6 = 198916 : COUNT = 446
CUBE = 89314623 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 600769 : PATTERNC9 = 199809 : COUNT = 447
CUBE = 89915392 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 603457 : PATTERNC4 = 200704 : COUNT = 448
CUBE = 90518849 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 606151 : PATTERNC1 = 201601 : COUNT = 449
CUBE = 91125000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 608851 : PATTERNC0 = 202500 : COUNT = 450
CUBE = 91733851 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 611557 : PATTERNC1 = 203401 : COUNT = 451
CUBE = 92345408 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 614269 : PATTERNC4 = 204304 : COUNT = 452
CUBE = 92959677 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 616987 : PATTERNC9 = 205209 : COUNT = 453
CUBE = 93576664 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 619711 : PATTERNC6 = 206116 : COUNT = 454
CUBE = 94196375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 622441 : PATTERNC5 = 207025 : COUNT = 455
CUBE = 94818816 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 625177 : PATTERNC6 = 207936 : COUNT = 456
CUBE = 95443993 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 627919 : PATTERNC9 = 208849 : COUNT = 457
CUBE = 96071912 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 630667 : PATTERNC4 = 209764 : COUNT = 458
CUBE = 96702579 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 633421 : PATTERNC1 = 210681 : COUNT = 459
CUBE = 97336000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 636181 : PATTERNC0 = 211600 : COUNT = 460
CUBE = 97972181 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 638947 : PATTERNC1 = 212521 : COUNT = 461
CUBE = 98611128 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 641719 : PATTERNC4 = 213444 : COUNT = 462
CUBE = 99252847 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 644497 : PATTERNC9 = 214369 : COUNT = 463
CUBE = 99897344 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 647281 : PATTERNC6 = 215296 : COUNT = 464
CUBE = 100544625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 650071 : PATTERNC5 = 216225 : COUNT = 465
CUBE = 101194696 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 652867 : PATTERNC6 = 217156 : COUNT = 466
CUBE = 101847563 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 655669 : PATTERNC9 = 218089 : COUNT = 467
CUBE = 102503232 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 658477 : PATTERNC4 = 219024 : COUNT = 468
CUBE = 103161709 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 661291 : PATTERNC1 = 219961 : COUNT = 469
CUBE = 103823000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 664111 : PATTERNC0 = 220900 : COUNT = 470
CUBE = 104487111 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 666937 : PATTERNC1 = 221841 : COUNT = 471
CUBE = 105154048 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 669769 : PATTERNC4 = 222784 : COUNT = 472
CUBE = 105823817 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 672607 : PATTERNC9 = 223729 : COUNT = 473
CUBE = 106496424 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 675451 : PATTERNC6 = 224676 : COUNT = 474
CUBE = 107171875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 678301 : PATTERNC5 = 225625 : COUNT = 475
CUBE = 107850176 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 681157 : PATTERNC6 = 226576 : COUNT = 476
CUBE = 108531333 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 684019 : PATTERNC9 = 227529 : COUNT = 477
CUBE = 109215352 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 686887 : PATTERNC4 = 228484 : COUNT = 478
CUBE = 109902239 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 689761 : PATTERNC1 = 229441 : COUNT = 479
CUBE = 110592000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 692641 : PATTERNC0 = 230400 : COUNT = 480
CUBE = 111284641 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 695527 : PATTERNC1 = 231361 : COUNT = 481
CUBE = 111980168 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 698419 : PATTERNC4 = 232324 : COUNT = 482
CUBE = 112678587 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 701317 : PATTERNC9 = 233289 : COUNT = 483
CUBE = 113379904 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 704221 : PATTERNC6 = 234256 : COUNT = 484
CUBE = 114084125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 707131 : PATTERNC5 = 235225 : COUNT = 485
CUBE = 114791256 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 710047 : PATTERNC6 = 236196 : COUNT = 486
CUBE = 115501303 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 712969 : PATTERNC9 = 237169 : COUNT = 487
CUBE = 116214272 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 715897 : PATTERNC4 = 238144 : COUNT = 488
CUBE = 116930169 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 718831 : PATTERNC1 = 239121 : COUNT = 489
CUBE = 117649000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 721771 : PATTERNC0 = 240100 : COUNT = 490
CUBE = 118370771 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 724717 : PATTERNC1 = 241081 : COUNT = 491
CUBE = 119095488 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 727669 : PATTERNC4 = 242064 : COUNT = 492
CUBE = 119823157 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 730627 : PATTERNC9 = 243049 : COUNT = 493
CUBE = 120553784 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 733591 : PATTERNC6 = 244036 : COUNT = 494
CUBE = 121287375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 736561 : PATTERNC5 = 245025 : COUNT = 495
CUBE = 122023936 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 739537 : PATTERNC6 = 246016 : COUNT = 496
CUBE = 122763473 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 742519 : PATTERNC9 = 247009 : COUNT = 497
CUBE = 123505992 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 745507 : PATTERNC4 = 248004 : COUNT = 498
CUBE = 124251499 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 748501 : PATTERNC1 = 249001 : COUNT = 499
CUBE = 125000000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 751501 : PATTERNC0 = 250000 : COUNT = 500
CUBE = 125751501 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 754507 : PATTERNC1 = 251001 : COUNT = 501
CUBE = 126506008 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 757519 : PATTERNC4 = 252004 : COUNT = 502
CUBE = 127263527 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 760537 : PATTERNC9 = 253009 : COUNT = 503
CUBE = 128024064 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 763561 : PATTERNC6 = 254016 : COUNT = 504
CUBE = 128787625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 766591 : PATTERNC5 = 255025 : COUNT = 505
CUBE = 129554216 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 769627 : PATTERNC6 = 256036 : COUNT = 506
CUBE = 130323843 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 772669 : PATTERNC9 = 257049 : COUNT = 507
CUBE = 131096512 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 775717 : PATTERNC4 = 258064 : COUNT = 508
CUBE = 131872229 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 778771 : PATTERNC1 = 259081 : COUNT = 509
CUBE = 132651000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 781831 : PATTERNC0 = 260100 : COUNT = 510
CUBE = 133432831 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 784897 : PATTERNC1 = 261121 : COUNT = 511
CUBE = 134217728 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 787969 : PATTERNC4 = 262144 : COUNT = 512
CUBE = 135005697 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 791047 : PATTERNC9 = 263169 : COUNT = 513
CUBE = 135796744 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 794131 : PATTERNC6 = 264196 : COUNT = 514
CUBE = 136590875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 797221 : PATTERNC5 = 265225 : COUNT = 515
CUBE = 137388096 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 800317 : PATTERNC6 = 266256 : COUNT = 516
CUBE = 138188413 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 803419 : PATTERNC9 = 267289 : COUNT = 517
CUBE = 138991832 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 806527 : PATTERNC4 = 268324 : COUNT = 518
CUBE = 139798359 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 809641 : PATTERNC1 = 269361 : COUNT = 519
CUBE = 140608000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 812761 : PATTERNC0 = 270400 : COUNT = 520
CUBE = 141420761 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 815887 : PATTERNC1 = 271441 : COUNT = 521
CUBE = 142236648 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 819019 : PATTERNC4 = 272484 : COUNT = 522
CUBE = 143055667 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 822157 : PATTERNC9 = 273529 : COUNT = 523
CUBE = 143877824 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 825301 : PATTERNC6 = 274576 : COUNT = 524
CUBE = 144703125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 828451 : PATTERNC5 = 275625 : COUNT = 525
CUBE = 145531576 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 831607 : PATTERNC6 = 276676 : COUNT = 526
CUBE = 146363183 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 834769 : PATTERNC9 = 277729 : COUNT = 527
CUBE = 147197952 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 837937 : PATTERNC4 = 278784 : COUNT = 528
CUBE = 148035889 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 841111 : PATTERNC1 = 279841 : COUNT = 529
CUBE = 148877000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 844291 : PATTERNC0 = 280900 : COUNT = 530
CUBE = 149721291 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 847477 : PATTERNC1 = 281961 : COUNT = 531
CUBE = 150568768 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 850669 : PATTERNC4 = 283024 : COUNT = 532
CUBE = 151419437 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 853867 : PATTERNC9 = 284089 : COUNT = 533
CUBE = 152273304 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 857071 : PATTERNC6 = 285156 : COUNT = 534
CUBE = 153130375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 860281 : PATTERNC5 = 286225 : COUNT = 535
CUBE = 153990656 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 863497 : PATTERNC6 = 287296 : COUNT = 536
CUBE = 154854153 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 866719 : PATTERNC9 = 288369 : COUNT = 537
CUBE = 155720872 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 869947 : PATTERNC4 = 289444 : COUNT = 538
CUBE = 156590819 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 873181 : PATTERNC1 = 290521 : COUNT = 539
CUBE = 157464000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 876421 : PATTERNC0 = 291600 : COUNT = 540
CUBE = 158340421 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 879667 : PATTERNC1 = 292681 : COUNT = 541
CUBE = 159220088 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 882919 : PATTERNC4 = 293764 : COUNT = 542
CUBE = 160103007 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 886177 : PATTERNC9 = 294849 : COUNT = 543
CUBE = 160989184 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 889441 : PATTERNC6 = 295936 : COUNT = 544
CUBE = 161878625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 892711 : PATTERNC5 = 297025 : COUNT = 545
CUBE = 162771336 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 895987 : PATTERNC6 = 298116 : COUNT = 546
CUBE = 163667323 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 899269 : PATTERNC9 = 299209 : COUNT = 547
CUBE = 164566592 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 902557 : PATTERNC4 = 300304 : COUNT = 548
CUBE = 165469149 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 905851 : PATTERNC1 = 301401 : COUNT = 549
CUBE = 166375000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 909151 : PATTERNC0 = 302500 : COUNT = 550
CUBE = 167284151 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 912457 : PATTERNC1 = 303601 : COUNT = 551
CUBE = 168196608 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 915769 : PATTERNC4 = 304704 : COUNT = 552
CUBE = 169112377 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 919087 : PATTERNC9 = 305809 : COUNT = 553
CUBE = 170031464 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 922411 : PATTERNC6 = 306916 : COUNT = 554
CUBE = 170953875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 925741 : PATTERNC5 = 308025 : COUNT = 555
CUBE = 171879616 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 929077 : PATTERNC6 = 309136 : COUNT = 556
CUBE = 172808693 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 932419 : PATTERNC9 = 310249 : COUNT = 557
CUBE = 173741112 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 935767 : PATTERNC4 = 311364 : COUNT = 558
CUBE = 174676879 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 939121 : PATTERNC1 = 312481 : COUNT = 559
CUBE = 175616000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 942481 : PATTERNC0 = 313600 : COUNT = 560
CUBE = 176558481 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 945847 : PATTERNC1 = 314721 : COUNT = 561
CUBE = 177504328 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 949219 : PATTERNC4 = 315844 : COUNT = 562
CUBE = 178453547 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 952597 : PATTERNC9 = 316969 : COUNT = 563
CUBE = 179406144 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 955981 : PATTERNC6 = 318096 : COUNT = 564
CUBE = 180362125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 959371 : PATTERNC5 = 319225 : COUNT = 565
CUBE = 181321496 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 962767 : PATTERNC6 = 320356 : COUNT = 566
CUBE = 182284263 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 966169 : PATTERNC9 = 321489 : COUNT = 567
CUBE = 183250432 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 969577 : PATTERNC4 = 322624 : COUNT = 568
CUBE = 184220009 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 972991 : PATTERNC1 = 323761 : COUNT = 569
CUBE = 185193000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 976411 : PATTERNC0 = 324900 : COUNT = 570
CUBE = 186169411 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 979837 : PATTERNC1 = 326041 : COUNT = 571
CUBE = 187149248 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 983269 : PATTERNC4 = 327184 : COUNT = 572
CUBE = 188132517 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 986707 : PATTERNC9 = 328329 : COUNT = 573
CUBE = 189119224 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 990151 : PATTERNC6 = 329476 : COUNT = 574
CUBE = 190109375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 993601 : PATTERNC5 = 330625 : COUNT = 575
CUBE = 191102976 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 997057 : PATTERNC6 = 331776 : COUNT = 576
CUBE = 192100033 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1000519 : PATTERNC9 = 332929 : COUNT = 577
CUBE = 193100552 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1003987 : PATTERNC4 = 334084 : COUNT = 578
CUBE = 194104539 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1007461 : PATTERNC1 = 335241 : COUNT = 579
CUBE = 195112000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1010941 : PATTERNC0 = 336400 : COUNT = 580
CUBE = 196122941 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1014427 : PATTERNC1 = 337561 : COUNT = 581
CUBE = 197137368 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1017919 : PATTERNC4 = 338724 : COUNT = 582
CUBE = 198155287 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1021417 : PATTERNC9 = 339889 : COUNT = 583
CUBE = 199176704 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1024921 : PATTERNC6 = 341056 : COUNT = 584
CUBE = 200201625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1028431 : PATTERNC5 = 342225 : COUNT = 585
CUBE = 201230056 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1031947 : PATTERNC6 = 343396 : COUNT = 586
CUBE = 202262003 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1035469 : PATTERNC9 = 344569 : COUNT = 587
CUBE = 203297472 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1038997 : PATTERNC4 = 345744 : COUNT = 588
CUBE = 204336469 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1042531 : PATTERNC1 = 346921 : COUNT = 589
CUBE = 205379000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1046071 : PATTERNC0 = 348100 : COUNT = 590
CUBE = 206425071 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1049617 : PATTERNC1 = 349281 : COUNT = 591
CUBE = 207474688 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1053169 : PATTERNC4 = 350464 : COUNT = 592
CUBE = 208527857 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1056727 : PATTERNC9 = 351649 : COUNT = 593
CUBE = 209584584 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1060291 : PATTERNC6 = 352836 : COUNT = 594
CUBE = 210644875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1063861 : PATTERNC5 = 354025 : COUNT = 595
CUBE = 211708736 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1067437 : PATTERNC6 = 355216 : COUNT = 596
CUBE = 212776173 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1071019 : PATTERNC9 = 356409 : COUNT = 597
CUBE = 213847192 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1074607 : PATTERNC4 = 357604 : COUNT = 598
CUBE = 214921799 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1078201 : PATTERNC1 = 358801 : COUNT = 599
CUBE = 216000000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1081801 : PATTERNC0 = 360000 : COUNT = 600
CUBE = 217081801 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1085407 : PATTERNC1 = 361201 : COUNT = 601
CUBE = 218167208 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1089019 : PATTERNC4 = 362404 : COUNT = 602
CUBE = 219256227 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1092637 : PATTERNC9 = 363609 : COUNT = 603
CUBE = 220348864 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1096261 : PATTERNC6 = 364816 : COUNT = 604
CUBE = 221445125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1099891 : PATTERNC5 = 366025 : COUNT = 605
CUBE = 222545016 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1103527 : PATTERNC6 = 367236 : COUNT = 606
CUBE = 223648543 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1107169 : PATTERNC9 = 368449 : COUNT = 607
CUBE = 224755712 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1110817 : PATTERNC4 = 369664 : COUNT = 608
CUBE = 225866529 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1114471 : PATTERNC1 = 370881 : COUNT = 609
CUBE = 226981000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1118131 : PATTERNC0 = 372100 : COUNT = 610
CUBE = 228099131 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1121797 : PATTERNC1 = 373321 : COUNT = 611
CUBE = 229220928 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1125469 : PATTERNC4 = 374544 : COUNT = 612
CUBE = 230346397 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1129147 : PATTERNC9 = 375769 : COUNT = 613
CUBE = 231475544 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1132831 : PATTERNC6 = 376996 : COUNT = 614
CUBE = 232608375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1136521 : PATTERNC5 = 378225 : COUNT = 615
CUBE = 233744896 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1140217 : PATTERNC6 = 379456 : COUNT = 616
CUBE = 234885113 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1143919 : PATTERNC9 = 380689 : COUNT = 617
CUBE = 236029032 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1147627 : PATTERNC4 = 381924 : COUNT = 618
CUBE = 237176659 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1151341 : PATTERNC1 = 383161 : COUNT = 619
CUBE = 238328000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1155061 : PATTERNC0 = 384400 : COUNT = 620
CUBE = 239483061 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1158787 : PATTERNC1 = 385641 : COUNT = 621
CUBE = 240641848 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1162519 : PATTERNC4 = 386884 : COUNT = 622
CUBE = 241804367 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1166257 : PATTERNC9 = 388129 : COUNT = 623
CUBE = 242970624 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1170001 : PATTERNC6 = 389376 : COUNT = 624
CUBE = 244140625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1173751 : PATTERNC5 = 390625 : COUNT = 625
CUBE = 245314376 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1177507 : PATTERNC6 = 391876 : COUNT = 626
CUBE = 246491883 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1181269 : PATTERNC9 = 393129 : COUNT = 627
CUBE = 247673152 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1185037 : PATTERNC4 = 394384 : COUNT = 628
CUBE = 248858189 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1188811 : PATTERNC1 = 395641 : COUNT = 629
CUBE = 250047000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1192591 : PATTERNC0 = 396900 : COUNT = 630
CUBE = 251239591 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1196377 : PATTERNC1 = 398161 : COUNT = 631
CUBE = 252435968 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1200169 : PATTERNC4 = 399424 : COUNT = 632
CUBE = 253636137 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1203967 : PATTERNC9 = 400689 : COUNT = 633
CUBE = 254840104 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1207771 : PATTERNC6 = 401956 : COUNT = 634
CUBE = 256047875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1211581 : PATTERNC5 = 403225 : COUNT = 635
CUBE = 257259456 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1215397 : PATTERNC6 = 404496 : COUNT = 636
CUBE = 258474853 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1219219 : PATTERNC9 = 405769 : COUNT = 637
CUBE = 259694072 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1223047 : PATTERNC4 = 407044 : COUNT = 638
CUBE = 260917119 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1226881 : PATTERNC1 = 408321 : COUNT = 639
CUBE = 262144000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1230721 : PATTERNC0 = 409600 : COUNT = 640
CUBE = 263374721 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1234567 : PATTERNC1 = 410881 : COUNT = 641
CUBE = 264609288 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1238419 : PATTERNC4 = 412164 : COUNT = 642
CUBE = 265847707 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1242277 : PATTERNC9 = 413449 : COUNT = 643
CUBE = 267089984 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1246141 : PATTERNC6 = 414736 : COUNT = 644
CUBE = 268336125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1250011 : PATTERNC5 = 416025 : COUNT = 645
CUBE = 269586136 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1253887 : PATTERNC6 = 417316 : COUNT = 646
CUBE = 270840023 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1257769 : PATTERNC9 = 418609 : COUNT = 647
CUBE = 272097792 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1261657 : PATTERNC4 = 419904 : COUNT = 648
CUBE = 273359449 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1265551 : PATTERNC1 = 421201 : COUNT = 649
CUBE = 274625000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1269451 : PATTERNC0 = 422500 : COUNT = 650
CUBE = 275894451 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1273357 : PATTERNC1 = 423801 : COUNT = 651
CUBE = 277167808 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1277269 : PATTERNC4 = 425104 : COUNT = 652
CUBE = 278445077 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1281187 : PATTERNC9 = 426409 : COUNT = 653
CUBE = 279726264 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1285111 : PATTERNC6 = 427716 : COUNT = 654
CUBE = 281011375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1289041 : PATTERNC5 = 429025 : COUNT = 655
CUBE = 282300416 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1292977 : PATTERNC6 = 430336 : COUNT = 656
CUBE = 283593393 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1296919 : PATTERNC9 = 431649 : COUNT = 657
CUBE = 284890312 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1300867 : PATTERNC4 = 432964 : COUNT = 658
CUBE = 286191179 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1304821 : PATTERNC1 = 434281 : COUNT = 659
CUBE = 287496000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1308781 : PATTERNC0 = 435600 : COUNT = 660
CUBE = 288804781 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1312747 : PATTERNC1 = 436921 : COUNT = 661
CUBE = 290117528 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1316719 : PATTERNC4 = 438244 : COUNT = 662
CUBE = 291434247 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1320697 : PATTERNC9 = 439569 : COUNT = 663
CUBE = 292754944 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1324681 : PATTERNC6 = 440896 : COUNT = 664
CUBE = 294079625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1328671 : PATTERNC5 = 442225 : COUNT = 665
CUBE = 295408296 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1332667 : PATTERNC6 = 443556 : COUNT = 666
CUBE = 296740963 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1336669 : PATTERNC9 = 444889 : COUNT = 667
CUBE = 298077632 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1340677 : PATTERNC4 = 446224 : COUNT = 668
CUBE = 299418309 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1344691 : PATTERNC1 = 447561 : COUNT = 669
CUBE = 300763000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1348711 : PATTERNC0 = 448900 : COUNT = 670
CUBE = 302111711 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1352737 : PATTERNC1 = 450241 : COUNT = 671
CUBE = 303464448 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1356769 : PATTERNC4 = 451584 : COUNT = 672
CUBE = 304821217 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1360807 : PATTERNC9 = 452929 : COUNT = 673
CUBE = 306182024 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1364851 : PATTERNC6 = 454276 : COUNT = 674
CUBE = 307546875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1368901 : PATTERNC5 = 455625 : COUNT = 675
CUBE = 308915776 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1372957 : PATTERNC6 = 456976 : COUNT = 676
CUBE = 310288733 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1377019 : PATTERNC9 = 458329 : COUNT = 677
CUBE = 311665752 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1381087 : PATTERNC4 = 459684 : COUNT = 678
CUBE = 313046839 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1385161 : PATTERNC1 = 461041 : COUNT = 679
CUBE = 314432000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1389241 : PATTERNC0 = 462400 : COUNT = 680
CUBE = 315821241 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1393327 : PATTERNC1 = 463761 : COUNT = 681
CUBE = 317214568 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1397419 : PATTERNC4 = 465124 : COUNT = 682
CUBE = 318611987 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1401517 : PATTERNC9 = 466489 : COUNT = 683
CUBE = 320013504 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1405621 : PATTERNC6 = 467856 : COUNT = 684
CUBE = 321419125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1409731 : PATTERNC5 = 469225 : COUNT = 685
CUBE = 322828856 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1413847 : PATTERNC6 = 470596 : COUNT = 686
CUBE = 324242703 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1417969 : PATTERNC9 = 471969 : COUNT = 687
CUBE = 325660672 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1422097 : PATTERNC4 = 473344 : COUNT = 688
CUBE = 327082769 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1426231 : PATTERNC1 = 474721 : COUNT = 689
CUBE = 328509000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1430371 : PATTERNC0 = 476100 : COUNT = 690
CUBE = 329939371 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1434517 : PATTERNC1 = 477481 : COUNT = 691
CUBE = 331373888 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1438669 : PATTERNC4 = 478864 : COUNT = 692
CUBE = 332812557 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1442827 : PATTERNC9 = 480249 : COUNT = 693
CUBE = 334255384 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1446991 : PATTERNC6 = 481636 : COUNT = 694
CUBE = 335702375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1451161 : PATTERNC5 = 483025 : COUNT = 695
CUBE = 337153536 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1455337 : PATTERNC6 = 484416 : COUNT = 696
CUBE = 338608873 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1459519 : PATTERNC9 = 485809 : COUNT = 697
CUBE = 340068392 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1463707 : PATTERNC4 = 487204 : COUNT = 698
CUBE = 341532099 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1467901 : PATTERNC1 = 488601 : COUNT = 699
CUBE = 343000000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1472101 : PATTERNC0 = 490000 : COUNT = 700
CUBE = 344472101 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1476307 : PATTERNC1 = 491401 : COUNT = 701
CUBE = 345948408 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1480519 : PATTERNC4 = 492804 : COUNT = 702
CUBE = 347428927 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1484737 : PATTERNC9 = 494209 : COUNT = 703
CUBE = 348913664 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1488961 : PATTERNC6 = 495616 : COUNT = 704
CUBE = 350402625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1493191 : PATTERNC5 = 497025 : COUNT = 705
CUBE = 351895816 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1497427 : PATTERNC6 = 498436 : COUNT = 706
CUBE = 353393243 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1501669 : PATTERNC9 = 499849 : COUNT = 707
CUBE = 354894912 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1505917 : PATTERNC4 = 501264 : COUNT = 708
CUBE = 356400829 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1510171 : PATTERNC1 = 502681 : COUNT = 709
CUBE = 357911000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1514431 : PATTERNC0 = 504100 : COUNT = 710
CUBE = 359425431 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1518697 : PATTERNC1 = 505521 : COUNT = 711
CUBE = 360944128 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1522969 : PATTERNC4 = 506944 : COUNT = 712
CUBE = 362467097 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1527247 : PATTERNC9 = 508369 : COUNT = 713
CUBE = 363994344 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1531531 : PATTERNC6 = 509796 : COUNT = 714
CUBE = 365525875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1535821 : PATTERNC5 = 511225 : COUNT = 715
CUBE = 367061696 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1540117 : PATTERNC6 = 512656 : COUNT = 716
CUBE = 368601813 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1544419 : PATTERNC9 = 514089 : COUNT = 717
CUBE = 370146232 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1548727 : PATTERNC4 = 515524 : COUNT = 718
CUBE = 371694959 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1553041 : PATTERNC1 = 516961 : COUNT = 719
CUBE = 373248000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1557361 : PATTERNC0 = 518400 : COUNT = 720
CUBE = 374805361 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1561687 : PATTERNC1 = 519841 : COUNT = 721
CUBE = 376367048 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1566019 : PATTERNC4 = 521284 : COUNT = 722
CUBE = 377933067 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1570357 : PATTERNC9 = 522729 : COUNT = 723
CUBE = 379503424 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1574701 : PATTERNC6 = 524176 : COUNT = 724
CUBE = 381078125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1579051 : PATTERNC5 = 525625 : COUNT = 725
CUBE = 382657176 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1583407 : PATTERNC6 = 527076 : COUNT = 726
CUBE = 384240583 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1587769 : PATTERNC9 = 528529 : COUNT = 727
CUBE = 385828352 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1592137 : PATTERNC4 = 529984 : COUNT = 728
CUBE = 387420489 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1596511 : PATTERNC1 = 531441 : COUNT = 729
CUBE = 389017000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1600891 : PATTERNC0 = 532900 : COUNT = 730
CUBE = 390617891 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1605277 : PATTERNC1 = 534361 : COUNT = 731
CUBE = 392223168 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1609669 : PATTERNC4 = 535824 : COUNT = 732
CUBE = 393832837 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1614067 : PATTERNC9 = 537289 : COUNT = 733
CUBE = 395446904 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1618471 : PATTERNC6 = 538756 : COUNT = 734
CUBE = 397065375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1622881 : PATTERNC5 = 540225 : COUNT = 735
CUBE = 398688256 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1627297 : PATTERNC6 = 541696 : COUNT = 736
CUBE = 400315553 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1631719 : PATTERNC9 = 543169 : COUNT = 737
CUBE = 401947272 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1636147 : PATTERNC4 = 544644 : COUNT = 738
CUBE = 403583419 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1640581 : PATTERNC1 = 546121 : COUNT = 739
CUBE = 405224000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1645021 : PATTERNC0 = 547600 : COUNT = 740
CUBE = 406869021 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1649467 : PATTERNC1 = 549081 : COUNT = 741
CUBE = 408518488 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1653919 : PATTERNC4 = 550564 : COUNT = 742
CUBE = 410172407 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1658377 : PATTERNC9 = 552049 : COUNT = 743
CUBE = 411830784 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1662841 : PATTERNC6 = 553536 : COUNT = 744
CUBE = 413493625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1667311 : PATTERNC5 = 555025 : COUNT = 745
CUBE = 415160936 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1671787 : PATTERNC6 = 556516 : COUNT = 746
CUBE = 416832723 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1676269 : PATTERNC9 = 558009 : COUNT = 747
CUBE = 418508992 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1680757 : PATTERNC4 = 559504 : COUNT = 748
CUBE = 420189749 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1685251 : PATTERNC1 = 561001 : COUNT = 749
CUBE = 421875000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1689751 : PATTERNC0 = 562500 : COUNT = 750
CUBE = 423564751 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1694257 : PATTERNC1 = 564001 : COUNT = 751
CUBE = 425259008 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1698769 : PATTERNC4 = 565504 : COUNT = 752
CUBE = 426957777 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1703287 : PATTERNC9 = 567009 : COUNT = 753
CUBE = 428661064 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1707811 : PATTERNC6 = 568516 : COUNT = 754
CUBE = 430368875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1712341 : PATTERNC5 = 570025 : COUNT = 755
CUBE = 432081216 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1716877 : PATTERNC6 = 571536 : COUNT = 756
CUBE = 433798093 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1721419 : PATTERNC9 = 573049 : COUNT = 757
CUBE = 435519512 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1725967 : PATTERNC4 = 574564 : COUNT = 758
CUBE = 437245479 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1730521 : PATTERNC1 = 576081 : COUNT = 759
CUBE = 438976000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1735081 : PATTERNC0 = 577600 : COUNT = 760
CUBE = 440711081 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1739647 : PATTERNC1 = 579121 : COUNT = 761
CUBE = 442450728 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1744219 : PATTERNC4 = 580644 : COUNT = 762
CUBE = 444194947 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1748797 : PATTERNC9 = 582169 : COUNT = 763
CUBE = 445943744 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1753381 : PATTERNC6 = 583696 : COUNT = 764
CUBE = 447697125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1757971 : PATTERNC5 = 585225 : COUNT = 765
CUBE = 449455096 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1762567 : PATTERNC6 = 586756 : COUNT = 766
CUBE = 451217663 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1767169 : PATTERNC9 = 588289 : COUNT = 767
CUBE = 452984832 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1771777 : PATTERNC4 = 589824 : COUNT = 768
CUBE = 454756609 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1776391 : PATTERNC1 = 591361 : COUNT = 769
CUBE = 456533000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1781011 : PATTERNC0 = 592900 : COUNT = 770
CUBE = 458314011 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1785637 : PATTERNC1 = 594441 : COUNT = 771
CUBE = 460099648 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1790269 : PATTERNC4 = 595984 : COUNT = 772
CUBE = 461889917 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1794907 : PATTERNC9 = 597529 : COUNT = 773
CUBE = 463684824 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1799551 : PATTERNC6 = 599076 : COUNT = 774
CUBE = 465484375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1804201 : PATTERNC5 = 600625 : COUNT = 775
CUBE = 467288576 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1808857 : PATTERNC6 = 602176 : COUNT = 776
CUBE = 469097433 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1813519 : PATTERNC9 = 603729 : COUNT = 777
CUBE = 470910952 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1818187 : PATTERNC4 = 605284 : COUNT = 778
CUBE = 472729139 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1822861 : PATTERNC1 = 606841 : COUNT = 779
CUBE = 474552000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1827541 : PATTERNC0 = 608400 : COUNT = 780
CUBE = 476379541 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1832227 : PATTERNC1 = 609961 : COUNT = 781
CUBE = 478211768 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1836919 : PATTERNC4 = 611524 : COUNT = 782
CUBE = 480048687 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1841617 : PATTERNC9 = 613089 : COUNT = 783
CUBE = 481890304 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1846321 : PATTERNC6 = 614656 : COUNT = 784
CUBE = 483736625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1851031 : PATTERNC5 = 616225 : COUNT = 785
CUBE = 485587656 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1855747 : PATTERNC6 = 617796 : COUNT = 786
CUBE = 487443403 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1860469 : PATTERNC9 = 619369 : COUNT = 787
CUBE = 489303872 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1865197 : PATTERNC4 = 620944 : COUNT = 788
CUBE = 491169069 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1869931 : PATTERNC1 = 622521 : COUNT = 789
CUBE = 493039000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1874671 : PATTERNC0 = 624100 : COUNT = 790
CUBE = 494913671 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1879417 : PATTERNC1 = 625681 : COUNT = 791
CUBE = 496793088 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1884169 : PATTERNC4 = 627264 : COUNT = 792
CUBE = 498677257 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1888927 : PATTERNC9 = 628849 : COUNT = 793
CUBE = 500566184 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1893691 : PATTERNC6 = 630436 : COUNT = 794
CUBE = 502459875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1898461 : PATTERNC5 = 632025 : COUNT = 795
CUBE = 504358336 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1903237 : PATTERNC6 = 633616 : COUNT = 796
CUBE = 506261573 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1908019 : PATTERNC9 = 635209 : COUNT = 797
CUBE = 508169592 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1912807 : PATTERNC4 = 636804 : COUNT = 798
CUBE = 510082399 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1917601 : PATTERNC1 = 638401 : COUNT = 799
CUBE = 512000000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1922401 : PATTERNC0 = 640000 : COUNT = 800
CUBE = 513922401 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1927207 : PATTERNC1 = 641601 : COUNT = 801
CUBE = 515849608 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1932019 : PATTERNC4 = 643204 : COUNT = 802
CUBE = 517781627 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1936837 : PATTERNC9 = 644809 : COUNT = 803
CUBE = 519718464 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1941661 : PATTERNC6 = 646416 : COUNT = 804
CUBE = 521660125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1946491 : PATTERNC5 = 648025 : COUNT = 805
CUBE = 523606616 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 1951327 : PATTERNC6 = 649636 : COUNT = 806
CUBE = 525557943 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 1956169 : PATTERNC9 = 651249 : COUNT = 807
CUBE = 527514112 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 1961017 : PATTERNC4 = 652864 : COUNT = 808
CUBE = 529475129 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 1965871 : PATTERNC1 = 654481 : COUNT = 809
CUBE = 531441000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 1970731 : PATTERNC0 = 656100 : COUNT = 810
CUBE = 533411731 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 1975597 : PATTERNC1 = 657721 : COUNT = 811
CUBE = 535387328 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 1980469 : PATTERNC4 = 659344 : COUNT = 812
CUBE = 537367797 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 1985347 : PATTERNC9 = 660969 : COUNT = 813
CUBE = 539353144 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 1990231 : PATTERNC6 = 662596 : COUNT = 814
CUBE = 541343375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 1995121 : PATTERNC5 = 664225 : COUNT = 815
CUBE = 543338496 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 2000017 : PATTERNC6 = 665856 : COUNT = 816
CUBE = 545338513 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 2004919 : PATTERNC9 = 667489 : COUNT = 817
CUBE = 547343432 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 2009827 : PATTERNC4 = 669124 : COUNT = 818
CUBE = 549353259 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 2014741 : PATTERNC1 = 670761 : COUNT = 819
CUBE = 551368000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 2019661 : PATTERNC0 = 672400 : COUNT = 820
CUBE = 553387661 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 2024587 : PATTERNC1 = 674041 : COUNT = 821
CUBE = 555412248 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 2029519 : PATTERNC4 = 675684 : COUNT = 822
CUBE = 557441767 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 2034457 : PATTERNC9 = 677329 : COUNT = 823
CUBE = 559476224 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 2039401 : PATTERNC6 = 678976 : COUNT = 824
CUBE = 561515625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 2044351 : PATTERNC5 = 680625 : COUNT = 825
CUBE = 563559976 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 2049307 : PATTERNC6 = 682276 : COUNT = 826
CUBE = 565609283 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 2054269 : PATTERNC9 = 683929 : COUNT = 827
CUBE = 567663552 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 2059237 : PATTERNC4 = 685584 : COUNT = 828
CUBE = 569722789 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 2064211 : PATTERNC1 = 687241 : COUNT = 829
CUBE = 571787000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 2069191 : PATTERNC0 = 688900 : COUNT = 830
CUBE = 573856191 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 2074177 : PATTERNC1 = 690561 : COUNT = 831
CUBE = 575930368 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 2079169 : PATTERNC4 = 692224 : COUNT = 832
CUBE = 578009537 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 2084167 : PATTERNC9 = 693889 : COUNT = 833
CUBE = 580093704 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 2089171 : PATTERNC6 = 695556 : COUNT = 834
CUBE = 582182875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 2094181 : PATTERNC5 = 697225 : COUNT = 835
CUBE = 584277056 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 2099197 : PATTERNC6 = 698896 : COUNT = 836
CUBE = 586376253 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 2104219 : PATTERNC9 = 700569 : COUNT = 837
CUBE = 588480472 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 2109247 : PATTERNC4 = 702244 : COUNT = 838
CUBE = 590589719 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 2114281 : PATTERNC1 = 703921 : COUNT = 839
CUBE = 592704000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 2119321 : PATTERNC0 = 705600 : COUNT = 840
CUBE = 594823321 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 2124367 : PATTERNC1 = 707281 : COUNT = 841
CUBE = 596947688 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 2129419 : PATTERNC4 = 708964 : COUNT = 842
CUBE = 599077107 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 2134477 : PATTERNC9 = 710649 : COUNT = 843
CUBE = 601211584 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 2139541 : PATTERNC6 = 712336 : COUNT = 844
CUBE = 603351125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 2144611 : PATTERNC5 = 714025 : COUNT = 845
CUBE = 605495736 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 2149687 : PATTERNC6 = 715716 : COUNT = 846
CUBE = 607645423 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 2154769 : PATTERNC9 = 717409 : COUNT = 847
CUBE = 609800192 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 2159857 : PATTERNC4 = 719104 : COUNT = 848
CUBE = 611960049 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 2164951 : PATTERNC1 = 720801 : COUNT = 849
CUBE = 614125000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 2170051 : PATTERNC0 = 722500 : COUNT = 850
CUBE = 616295051 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 2175157 : PATTERNC1 = 724201 : COUNT = 851
CUBE = 618470208 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 2180269 : PATTERNC4 = 725904 : COUNT = 852
CUBE = 620650477 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 2185387 : PATTERNC9 = 727609 : COUNT = 853
CUBE = 622835864 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 2190511 : PATTERNC6 = 729316 : COUNT = 854
CUBE = 625026375 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 2195641 : PATTERNC5 = 731025 : COUNT = 855
CUBE = 627222016 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 2200777 : PATTERNC6 = 732736 : COUNT = 856
CUBE = 629422793 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 2205919 : PATTERNC9 = 734449 : COUNT = 857
CUBE = 631628712 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 2211067 : PATTERNC4 = 736164 : COUNT = 858
CUBE = 633839779 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 2216221 : PATTERNC1 = 737881 : COUNT = 859
CUBE = 636056000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 2221381 : PATTERNC0 = 739600 : COUNT = 860
CUBE = 638277381 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 2226547 : PATTERNC1 = 741321 : COUNT = 861
CUBE = 640503928 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 2231719 : PATTERNC4 = 743044 : COUNT = 862
CUBE = 642735647 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 2236897 : PATTERNC9 = 744769 : COUNT = 863
CUBE = 644972544 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 2242081 : PATTERNC6 = 746496 : COUNT = 864
CUBE = 647214625 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 2247271 : PATTERNC5 = 748225 : COUNT = 865
CUBE = 649461896 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 2252467 : PATTERNC6 = 749956 : COUNT = 866
CUBE = 651714363 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 2257669 : PATTERNC9 = 751689 : COUNT = 867
CUBE = 653972032 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 2262877 : PATTERNC4 = 753424 : COUNT = 868
CUBE = 656234909 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 2268091 : PATTERNC1 = 755161 : COUNT = 869
CUBE = 658503000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 2273311 : PATTERNC0 = 756900 : COUNT = 870
CUBE = 660776311 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 2278537 : PATTERNC1 = 758641 : COUNT = 871
CUBE = 663054848 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 2283769 : PATTERNC4 = 760384 : COUNT = 872
CUBE = 665338617 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 2289007 : PATTERNC9 = 762129 : COUNT = 873
CUBE = 667627624 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 2294251 : PATTERNC6 = 763876 : COUNT = 874
CUBE = 669921875 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 2299501 : PATTERNC5 = 765625 : COUNT = 875
CUBE = 672221376 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 2304757 : PATTERNC6 = 767376 : COUNT = 876
CUBE = 674526133 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 2310019 : PATTERNC9 = 769129 : COUNT = 877
CUBE = 676836152 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 2315287 : PATTERNC4 = 770884 : COUNT = 878
CUBE = 679151439 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 2320561 : PATTERNC1 = 772641 : COUNT = 879
CUBE = 681472000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 2325841 : PATTERNC0 = 774400 : COUNT = 880
CUBE = 683797841 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 2331127 : PATTERNC1 = 776161 : COUNT = 881
CUBE = 686128968 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 2336419 : PATTERNC4 = 777924 : COUNT = 882
CUBE = 688465387 : PATTERNA7 = 27 : PATTERNB7 = 2341717 : PATTERNC9 = 779689 : COUNT = 883
CUBE = 690807104 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 2347021 : PATTERNC6 = 781456 : COUNT = 884
CUBE = 693154125 : PATTERNA5 = 125 : PATTERNB1 = 2352331 : PATTERNC5 = 783225 : COUNT = 885
CUBE = 695506456 : PATTERNA6 = 216 : PATTERNB7 = 2357647 : PATTERNC6 = 784996 : COUNT = 886
CUBE = 697864103 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 2362969 : PATTERNC9 = 786769 : COUNT = 887
CUBE = 700227072 : PATTERNA2 = 512 : PATTERNB7 = 2368297 : PATTERNC4 = 788544 : COUNT = 888
CUBE = 702595369 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 2373631 : PATTERNC1 = 790321 : COUNT = 889
CUBE = 704969000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 2378971 : PATTERNC0 = 792100 : COUNT = 890
CUBE = 707347971 : PATTERNA1 = 1 : PATTERNB7 = 2384317 : PATTERNC1 = 793881 : COUNT = 891
CUBE = 709732288 : PATTERNA8 = 8 : PATTERNB9 = 2389669 : PATTERNC4 = 795664 : COUNT = 892
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CUBE = 868250664 : PATTERNA4 = 64 : PATTERNB1 = 2733211 : PATTERNC6 = 910116 : COUNT = 954
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CUBE = 876467493 : PATTERNA3 = 343 : PATTERNB9 = 2750419 : PATTERNC9 = 915849 : COUNT = 957
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CUBE = 997002999 : PATTERNA9 = 729 : PATTERNB1 = 2997001 : PATTERNC1 = 998001 : COUNT = 999
CUBE = 1000000000 : PATTERNA0 = 0 : PATTERNB1 = 3003001 : PATTERNC0 = 1000000 : COUNT = 1000
Gist
A dry or unproductive cough doesn't produce mucus. A tickling sensation in the throat can make you have a dry cough. Dry coughs can come on after a cold or flu or if you have COVID-19. Other conditions like GERD, heart failure and lung cancer can cause chronic dry coughs.
Details
A dry cough can have many causes, from allergies to viruses. Home remedies and medications may help provide relief. Drinking plenty of water and avoiding allergens or environmental irritants can also be beneficial.
A cough is a reflex action that clears your airway of irritants and mucus.
There are two types of cough: productive and nonproductive. A productive cough produces phlegm or mucus, clearing it from the lungs. A nonproductive cough, known as a dry cough, doesn’t produce phlegm or mucus.
Many things — from allergies to acid reflux — can cause a dry cough. In some cases, there’s no obvious cause.
An ongoing dry cough can seriously impact your day-to-day life, especially if it’s worse at night. Keep reading to learn more about the possible causes of a dry cough and ways to find relief.
Common causes:
Asthma
Asthma is a condition in which your airways swell and become narrow. Asthma-related coughs can be productive and nonproductive, though they’re frequently nonproductive.
Coughing is a common symptom of asthma, but it’s usually not the most prominent one. However, there is a type of asthma called cough variant asthma that includes a chronic dry cough as its main symptom.
Other symptoms of asthma can include:
* wheezing
* shortness of breath
* tightness or pain in the chest
* trouble sleeping because of wheezing or coughing
* coughing or wheezing attacks
Long-term asthma treatment often involves long-acting medications like inhaled corticosteroids, such as:
* fluticasone (Flonase, Flovent)
* triamcinolone (Azmacort)
* budesonide (Pulmicort)
Short-acting medications for occasional asthma attacks include bronchodilator inhalers such as albuterol (Proventil, Ventoline). These can also be part of a long-term treatment plan.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a type of chronic acid reflux. It happens when stomach acid regularly flows back up into your esophagus, which connects your mouth to your stomach.
Stomach acid can irritate your esophagus and trigger your cough reflex.
Other symptoms of GERD include:
* heartburn
* chest pain
* regurgitation of food or sour liquid
* the feeling of a lump in the back of the throat
* chronic sore throat
* mild hoarseness
* difficulty swallowing
Most people find relief from GERD through a combination of lifestyle changes and over-the-counter (OTC) acid reducers such as omeprazole (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (Prevacid).
Some home remedies may also help treat acid reflux and GERD.
Postnasal drip
Postnasal drip refers to extra mucus dripping down your throat.
When you have a cold or seasonal allergies, the membranes in your nose respond by producing more mucus than usual. Unlike healthy mucus, this mucus is watery and runny, so it drips easily down the back of your throat.
Postnasal drip can tickle the nerves in the back of your throat, triggering a cough.
Other symptoms of postnasal drip include:
* sore throat
* the feeling of a lump in the back of the throat
* trouble swallowing
* runny nose
* coughing at night
The treatment for postnasal drip will depend on what’s causing it. It’s usually the result of allergies, a bacterial infection, or a virus.
Regardless of the underlying cause, steam from a hot shower or teapot can help clear your sinuses. A saline nasal spray or neti pot can help flush out extra mucus.
Viral infection
When you contract one of the many viruses that cause the common cold, your short-term symptoms usually last less than a week. It’s not uncommon, however, for a cough to linger long after your other symptoms have improved.
These post-cold coughs are usually dry and last up to 2 months. They’re usually the result of irritation in your airway, which is often overly sensitive after a viral illness.
This type of cough is difficult to treat and often requires time and patience. Coughing only increases the irritation in your airway, so try using throat lozenges and warm liquids to soothe your throat. This may help you cough less, giving your airway a chance to heal.
Upper respiratory infection
An acute upper respiratory infection (URI) is a virus or bacteria that infects your nose, throat, pharynx, larynx, and bronchi.
In addition to the common cold, URIs include:
* sinusitis
* pharyngitis
* tracheobronchitis
The common symptoms of a URI include:
* coughing
* runny nose
* nasal congestion
* sneezing
You can treat coughing caused by a URI with cough suppressants and expectorants.
Allergies
When your immune system mistakes a harmless foreign substance, such as pollen, for something dangerous to your body, it attacks it. This causes allergy symptoms such as coughing.
Seasonal allergies, also known as hay fever or allergic rhinitis, are triggered by plant pollen. These types of allergies are common, affecting more than 19 million Americans.
Besides coughing, symptoms may include itchy or watery eyes and a runny nose.
Seasonal allergy symptoms may last as long as you are exposed to the allergen. If OTC allergy medications aren’t relieving your symptoms, you should see a doctor.
Less common causes:
Environmental irritants
Many things in the air can irritate your airways, including smoke, pollution, dust, mold, and pollen. Chemical particles, such as sulfur dioxide or nitric oxide, can also cause concerns.
Even clean air that’s too dry or too cold can cause a dry cough for some people. If you live in a dry climate, try using a humidifier to add some moisture to the air in your home.
ACE inhibitors
ACE inhibitors, such as enalapril (Vasotec) and lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), are prescription drugs that treat many common conditions, including high blood pressure.
One of the most common side effects of ACE inhibitors is a chronic dry cough. About 20 percentTrusted Source of people taking ACE inhibitors experience a dry cough.
Whooping cough
Whooping cough, which is also called pertussis, is a very contagious condition that causes a severe dry cough. It’s followed up by a high-pitched “whoop” sound when you breathe in.
It can be easily confused for a common cold in its early stages. However, it eventually causes uncontrollable coughing fits.
Whooping cough was a common childhood disease, but now most children are vaccinated against it. Today, it’s more common in children too young to have completed their vaccinations or in teens and adults whose immunity has decreased over time.
Collapsed lung
A collapsed lung, or pneumothorax, happens when your lung suddenly deflates. It can happen either on its own or in response to a chest injury. It’s more common in people with underlying lung disease.
In addition to a dry cough, a collapsed lung can cause sudden chest pain and shortness of breath.
Lung cancer
While it’s not likely, sometimes an ongoing dry cough can be a sign of lung cancer.
A cough related to lung cancer usually doesn’t go away, and it might change over time. For example, your cough might become more painful or have a different sound.
Other possible symptoms of lung cancer include:
* coughing up blood, even a small amount
* shortness of breath
* chest pain
* wheezing
* hoarseness
* unexplained weight loss
Seek medical attention if any of the above symptoms accompanies your dry cough. This is especially important if you smoke or have a family history of lung cancer.
Heart failure
Heart failure happens when your heart muscle doesn’t pump blood as well as it should. It’s more common in people with conditions like coronary artery disease and high blood pressure, which can decrease your heart’s ability to pump blood effectively.
A persistent, dry cough is one symptom of heart failure. However, it can also cause a cough that produces foamy white or pink-tinted mucus.
Other symptoms of heart failure include:
* shortness of breath that may be sudden or severe
* fatigue and weakness
* rapid or irregular heartbeat
* swelling in your legs, ankles, and feet
* lack of appetite or nausea
* abdominal swelling
* fluid retention
* trouble concentrating
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
The rare condition idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) stiffens and scars the tissues in your lungs, making it difficult to breathe.
In addition to shortness of breath, IPF may cause symptoms such as a chronic cough, weakness, and weight loss.
IPF progresses slowly. There is no cure, but it can be treated with medications and oxygen therapy to help with breathing and reduce lung inflammation. As a final treatment step, a lung transplant may be necessary
Dry cough treatment and home remedies
Dry coughs can be difficult to treat. Once your airways become overly sensitive, they’re easily irritated by coughing, creating a vicious cycle.
There are a few things you can do for relief, regardless of what’s causing your cough. Try:
* sucking on throat lozenges to moisturize and soothe irritated throat tissue
* taking OTC cough suppressants, such as dextromethorphan (Robitussin), to suppress your cough reflex
* adding honey to a hot drink to soothe irritated throat tissue
You can also try these natural remedies for coughing.
How to prevent a dry cough
To help prevent a dry cough, drink plenty of water to help keep your throat moist.
You can also try eliminating what’s triggering your dry cough as follows:
* Environment irritants: Use an air purifier to remove allergens or a cool mist humidifier to add moisture to the air. Vacuum frequently to get rid of dust, pet hair, and dander.
* Food allergies: Avoid particular foods or foods that are high in histamines, such as aged cheeses, fermented or pickled vegetables, and alcohol.
* GERD: Avoid acidic and high fat foods.
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Gist
Inland seas are landlocked seas that are only connected to the ocean through narrow channels. They usually contain many islands, channels, sounds, and straits. Inland sea was first defined for the Seto Inland Sea, separating the three main islands of Japan and connected to the Pacific Ocean through narrow channels.
Summary
Inland Sea is the body of water lying between the Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. It is composed of five distinct basins linked together by channels. Its east-west length is about 270 miles (440 km), and its waters are easily navigable. The sea has an irregular coastline and is dotted with hundreds of small islands, the largest of which is Awaji Island in the east. Entrance to the Inland Sea from the Philippine Sea and the Pacific Ocean is afforded by the Bungo Strait and the Kii Strait. The narrow Shimonoseki Strait at the western end leads to the East China Sea. The Inland Sea is a major transportation route between the Asian continent and Kyushu’s Kansai area. Industries along the sea flourish together with trading and fishing ports and the commercial centre of Ōsaka-Kōbe. The shores of the Inland Sea were Japan’s leading salt-producing region until industrialization was given priority after World War II. The salt fields are no longer used, but a petrochemical industry is flourishing. Popular among vacationers for its scenery, the entire Inland Sea region is included in the Inland Sea National Park.
Details
Inland seas, also called epeiric or epicontinental seas, are shallow seas over part of a continent.
They usually happen with marine transgressions, when the sea overtops the land. They are caused by either global high ('eustatic') sea level or the formation of large geologic basins which eventually connect to the ocean.
There have been, at some periods, shallow seas inside continents. Much of present-day North America was covered by an epicontinental sea called the Sundance Sea during the Jurassic period. In the Cretaceous an even larger area was covered by the Western Interior Seaway. A modern example is the Baltic Sea. The North Sea is not an inland sea, but it does sit on continental shelf, and so is epeiric (that is what the word means). The Hudson Bay is often considered an epeiric sea because its depth averages 100ft (30 m) whereas, for example, the Bay of Bengal is 2,600 metres (8000 ft) deep. So epeiric seas are on the continental plate, as are inland seas. The inland seas, however, are more enclosed.
Examples:
Amazon basin
The Amazon basin originally emptied into the Pacific Ocean when South America and Africa were part of Gondwana.
After the breakup of Gondwana, the Amazon found its exit blocked by the rise of the Andes about 15 million years ago (mya). A great inland sea developed, at times draining north through what is now Venezuela before finding its present eastward outlet into the South Atlantic. Gradually this inland sea became a vast freshwater lake and wetlands where sediment flattened its profiles and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater. Over 20 species of stingray, most closely related to those found in the Pacific Ocean, live today in the freshwaters of the Amazon, which is also home to a freshwater dolphin.
Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Sea looks like a clear-cut example of an inland sea, but its deepest point is 5,267 m (17,280 ft) in the Calypso Deep of the Ionian Sea. The Mediterranean is a genuine sea which has been squashed almost out of existence by the movement of Africa against the European tectonic plate. It was formerly part of the ancient Tethys Ocean, which surrounded the old global supercontinent of Pangaea. So the Mediterranean is different from those inland seas which sit on top of continental plates.
Black Sea
The Black Sea, on the other hand, is a genuine inland sea because it sits on continental plates which have subsided.
Western Interior Seaway
A vast inland sea extended from the Gulf of Mexico deep into present-day Canada during the Cretaceous. It split the continent of North America into two halves, Laramidia and Appalachia, for most of the mid- and late-Cretaceous period. It was 2,500 feet (760 m) deep, 600 miles (970 km) wide and over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long.
At the same time, much of the low plains of modern-day northern France and northern Germany were covered by an inland sea, where the chalk was deposited that gave the Cretaceous Period its name.
Sundance Sea
The Sundance Sea existed in North America during the mid to late Jurassic period of the Mesozoic Era. It was an arm of what is now the Arctic Ocean, and extended through what is now western Canada into the central western United States. The sea receded when highlands to the west began to rise. The sedimentary rocks which formed in and around the Sundance Sea are often rich in fossils.
Additional Information
An inland sea (also known as an epeiric sea or an epicontinental sea) is a continental body of water which is very large in area and is either completely surrounded by dry land or connected to an ocean by a river, strait or "arm of the sea". An inland sea will generally be brackish, with higher salinity than a freshwater lake but usually lower salinity than seawater. As with other seas, inland seas experience tides governed by the orbits of the Moon and Sun.
Definition
What constitutes an "inland sea" is complex and somewhat necessarily vague. The United States Hydrographic Office defined it as "a body of water nearly or completely surrounded by land, especially if very large or composed of salt water".
Geologic engineers Heinrich Ries and Thomas L. Watson say an inland sea is merely a very large lake. Rydén, Migula, and Andersson and Deborah Sandler of the Environmental Law Institute add that an inland sea is "more or less" cut off from the ocean. It may be semi-enclosed,[4] or connected to the ocean by a strait or "arm of the sea". An inland sea is distinguishable from a bay in that a bay is directly connected to the ocean.
The term "epeiric sea" was coined by Joseph Barrell in 1917. He defined an epeiric sea as a shallow body of water whose bottom is within the wave base (e.g., where bottom sediments are no longer stirred by the wave above). An epeiric sea as one with limited connection to an ocean, and shallow. An inland sea is only an epeiric sea when a continental interior is flooded by marine transgression due to sea level rise or epeirogenic movement.
An epicontinental sea is synonymous with an epeiric sea. The term "epicontinental sea" may also refer to the waters above a continental shelf. This is a legal, not geological, term. Epeiric, epicontinental, and inland seas occur on a continent, not adjacent to it.
The law of the sea does not apply to inland seas.
Modern inland seas
In modern times, continents stand high, eustatic sea levels are low, and there are few inland seas.
* The Marmara Sea located in modern-day Turkey is surrounded by land all around, except where it connects the two Turkish Straits, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.
* The Baltic Sea is a brackish inland sea, arguably the largest body of brackish water in the world. Other possibilities include the White Sea and the northern half of the Black Sea (its deep southern basin is a closed-off relic of the now-vanished Tethys Sea). The origin of the Baltic Sea basin is not clear as there are differing views on the role of erosion and tectonics.
* Hudson Bay, including James Bay at its southern end, reaches within the North American continent from Baffin Island, Nunavut in the north to Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba in the south. The bay shares some similarities with the Gulf of Bothnia in Fennoscandia; it lies in the middle of a shield and it was the centre of an ice sheet during the Quaternary glaciations. However, the origin of both depressions is unrelated to glacier erosion.
* The Seto Inland Sea in Japan is not a true inland sea but rather a body of water separating Honshū, Shikoku, and Kyūshū, three of the four main islands of Japan.
* The Caspian Sea is a very large, inland body of water at least hundreds of miles from the nearest part of the World Ocean (such as the Persian Gulf) and has some characteristics of the sea, like being composed of at least a good portion of saltwater. However, it is also considered the largest lake in the world.
The Great Lakes, despite being completely fresh water, have been referred to as resembling or having characteristics like inland seas from a USGS management perspective. Lake Ontario is the only Great Lake connected to the Atlantic Ocean after Niagara Falls.
Modern examples might also include the recently (less than 10,000 years ago) reflooded Persian Gulf, and the South China Sea that presently covers the Sunda Shelf.
Former epicontinental seas in Earth's history
At various times in the geologic past, inland seas covered central areas of continents during periods of high sea level that result in marine transgressions. Inland seas have been greater in extent and more common than at present.
* During the Oligocene and Early Miocene large swaths of Patagonia were subject to a marine transgression. The transgression might have temporarily linked the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, as inferred from the findings of marine invertebrate fossils of both Atlantic and Pacific affinity in La Cascada Formation. Connection would have occurred through narrow epicontinental seaways that formed channels in a dissected topography.
* A vast inland sea, the Western Interior Seaway, extended from the Gulf of Mexico deep into present-day Canada during the Cretaceous.
* At the same time, much of the low plains of modern-day northern France and northern Germany were inundated by an inland sea, where the chalk was deposited that gave the Cretaceous Period its name.
* The Amazon, originally emptying into the Pacific, as South America rifted from Africa, found its exit blocked by the rise of the Andes about 15 million years ago. A great inland sea developed, at times draining north through what is now Venezuela before finding its present eastward outlet into the South Atlantic. Gradually this inland sea became a vast freshwater lake and wetlands where sediment flattened its profiles and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater. Over 20 species of stingray, most closely related to those found in the Pacific Ocean, can be found today in the freshwaters of the Amazon, which is also home to a freshwater dolphin. In 2005, fossilized remains of a giant crocodilian, estimated to have been 46 ft (14 m) in length, were discovered in the northern rainforest of Amazonian Peru.
* In Australia, the Eromanga Sea existed during the Cretaceous Period. It covered large swaths of the eastern half of the continent.
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Gist
Refrigerant is a cooling agent that absorbs heat and leaves cool air behind when passed through a compressor and evaporator. It fluctuates between a liquid or gas state as it goes through the thermodynamic process.
Details
A refrigerant is a working fluid used in the refrigeration cycle of air conditioning systems and heat pumps where in most cases they undergo a repeated phase transition from a liquid to a gas and back again. Refrigerants are heavily regulated due to their toxicity, flammability and the contribution of CFC and HCFC refrigerants to ozone depletion and that of HFC refrigerants to climate change.
Refrigerants are used in a direct expansion (DX) system to transfer energy from one environment to another, typically from inside a building to outside (or vice versa) commonly known as an "air conditioner" or "heat pump". Refrigerants can carry per kg 10 times more energy than water and 50 times more than air.
In some countries, refrigerants are controlled substances due to high pressures (700–1,000 kPa (100–150 psi)), extreme temperatures (−50 °C [−58 °F] to over 100 °C [212 °F]), flammability (A1 class non-flammable, A2/A2L class flammable and A3 class extremely flammable/explosive) and toxicity (B1-low, B2-medium & B3-high), as classified by ISO 817 & ASHRAE 34.
Refrigerants must only be handled by qualified/certified engineers to the relevant classes of refrigerant (in the UK, C&G 2079 for A1-class, and C&G 6187-2 for A2/A2L & A3 class refrigerants).
History
The first air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic or flammable gases, such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride, or propane, that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked.
In 1928 Thomas Midgley Jr. created the first non-flammable, non-toxic chlorofluorocarbon gas, Freon (R-12). The name is a trademark name owned by DuPont (now Chemours) for any chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), or hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant. Following the discovery of better synthesis methods, CFCs such as R-11, R-12, R-123 and R-502 dominated the market.
Phasing out of CFCs
In the early 1980s, scientists discovered that CFCs were causing major damage to the ozone layer that protects the earth from ultraviolet radiation, and to the ozone holes over polar regions. This led to the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 which aimed to phase out CFCs and HCFC but did not address the contributions that HFCs made to climate change. The adoption of HCFCs such as R-22, and R-123 was accelerated and so were used in most U.S. homes in air conditioners and in chillers from the 1980s as they have a dramatically lower Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) than CFCs, but their ODP was still not zero which led to their eventual phase-out.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) such as R-134a, R-143a, R-407A, R-407C, R-404A, R-410A (a 50/50 blend of R-125/R-32) and R-507 were promoted as replacements for CFCs and HCFCs in the 1990s and 2000s. HFCs were not ozone-depleting but did have global warming potentials (GWPs) thousands of times greater than CO2 with atmospheric lifetimes that can extend for decades. This in turn, starting from the 2010s, led to the adoption in new equipment of Hydrocarbon and HFO (hydrofluoroolefin) refrigerants R-32, R-290, R-600a, R-454B, R-1234yf, R-514A, R-744 (CO2), R-1234ze(E) and R-1233zd(E), which have both an ODP of zero and a lower GWP. Hydrocarbons and CO2 are sometimes called natural refrigerants because they can be found in nature.
The environmental organization Greenpeace provided funding to a former East German refrigerator company to research alternative ozone- and climate-safe refrigerants in 1992. The company developed hydrocarbon mixes such as isopentane and isobutane, propane and isobutane, or pure isobutane, called "Greenfreeze", but as a condition of the contract with Greenpeace could not patent the technology, which led to their widespread adoption by other firms. Policy and political influence by corporate executives resisted change however, citing the flammability and explosive properties of the refrigerants, and DuPont together with other companies blocked them in the U.S. with the U.S. EPA.
Beginning on 14 November 1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency restricted the sale, possession and use of refrigerants to only licensed technicians, per rules under sections 608 and 609 of the Clean Air Act. In 1995, Germany made CFC refrigerators illegal.
In 1996 Eurammon, a European non-profit initiative for natural refrigerants, was established and comprises European companies, institutions, and industry experts.
In 1997, FCs and HFCs were included in the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change.
In 2000 in the UK, the Ozone Regulations came into force which banned the use of ozone-depleting HCFC refrigerants such as R22 in new systems. The Regulation banned the use of R22 as a "top-up" fluid for maintenance from 2010 for virgin fluid and from 2015 for recycled fluid.
Addressing greenhouse gases
With growing interest in natural refrigerants as alternatives to synthetic refrigerants such as CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs, in 2004, Greenpeace worked with multinational corporations like Coca-Cola and Unilever, and later Pepsico and others, to create a corporate coalition called Refrigerants Naturally!. Four years later, Ben & Jerry's of Unilever and General Electric began to take steps to support production and use in the U.S. It is estimated that almost 75 percent of the refrigeration and air conditioning sector has the potential to be converted to natural refrigerants.
In 2006, the EU adopted a Regulation on fluorinated greenhouse gases (FCs and HFCs) to encourage to transition to natural refrigerants (such as hydrocarbons). It was reported in 2010 that some refrigerants are being used as recreational drugs, leading to an extremely dangerous phenomenon known as inhalant abuse.
From 2011 the European Union started to phase out refrigerants with a global warming potential (GWP) of more than 150 in automotive air conditioning (GWP = 100-year warming potential of one kilogram of a gas relative to one kilogram of CO2) such as the refrigerant HFC-134a (known as R-134a in North America) which has a GWP of 1526. In the same year the EPA decided in favour of the ozone- and climate-safe refrigerant for U.S. manufacture.
A 2018 study by the nonprofit organization "Drawdown" put proper refrigerant management and disposal at the very top of the list of climate impact solutions, with an impact equivalent to eliminating over 17 years of US carbon dioxide emissions.
In 2019 it was estimated that CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs were responsible for about 10% of direct radiative forcing from all long-lived anthropogenic greenhouse gases. and in the same year the UNEP published new voluntary guidelines, however many countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment.
From early 2020 HFCs (including R-404A, R-134a and R-410A) are being superseded: Residential air-conditioning systems and heat pumps are increasingly using R-32. This still has a GWP of more than 600. Progressive devices use refrigerants with almost no climate impact, namely R-290 (propane), R-600a (isobutane) or R-1234yf (less flammable, in cars). In commercial refrigeration also CO2 (R-744) can be used.
Requirements and desirable properties
A refrigerant needs to have: a boiling point that is somewhat below the target temperature (although boiling point can be adjusted by adjusting the pressure appropriately), a high heat of vaporization, a moderate density in liquid form, a relatively high density in gaseous form (which can also be adjusted by setting pressure appropriately), and a high critical temperature. Working pressures should ideally be containable by copper tubing, a commonly available material. Extremely high pressures should be avoided.
The ideal refrigerant would be: non-corrosive, non-toxic, non-flammable, with no ozone depletion and global warming potential. It should preferably be natural with well-studied and low environmental impact. Newer refrigerants address the issue of the damage that CFCs caused to the ozone layer and the contribution that HCFCs make to climate change, but some do raise issues relating to toxicity and/or flammability.
]]>Gist
Oxygen is the second largest component of the atmosphere, comprising 20.8% by volume. Liquid oxygen is pale blue
and extremely cold. Although nonflammable, oxygen is a strong oxidizer. Oxygen is necessary to support life.
Oxygen will react with nearly all organic materials and metals, usually forming an oxide. Materials that burn in air will
burn more vigorously in oxygen. Equipment used in oxygen service must meet stringent cleaning requirements, and
systems must be constructed of materials that have high ignition temperatures and that are nonreactive with oxygen
under the service conditions. Vessels should be manufactured to American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
codes and designed to withstand the process temperatures and pressures.
Liquid oxygen is a cryogenic liquid. Cryogenic liquids are liquefied gases that have a normal boiling point below –130°F
(–90°C). Liquid oxygen has a boiling point of –297°F (–183°C).
Because the temperature difference between the product and the surrounding environment is substantial—even in
the winter—keeping liquid oxygen insulated from the surrounding heat is essential. The product also requires special
equipment for handling and storage.
Summary:
Purpose
The use of liquid oxygen in health care facilities has increased dramatically in the past few years. This Information Bulletin outlines the basic requirements of National Fire Protection Association Standard 99 (NFPA 99) for the safe storage, transfer and use of liquid oxygen in a health care facility. The 1999 edition of NFPA 99 is adopted by reference in the 2000 edition of NFPA Standard 101 (Life Safety Code).
Background
Transferring (also referred to as transfilling) of liquid oxygen from one container to another presents several potential hazards, which include the:
* Strong oxidizing properties of oxygen,
* Very cold temperature of the liquid and vapor (it's classified as a cryogenic fluid), and
* Pressure producing potential of the vaporization and/or liquid expansion processes.
Here are some important elements to remember relating to the storage and use of liquid oxygen:
* The transfer of liquid oxygen from one container to another can create an oxygen-enriched atmosphere within the vicinity of the containers. When a liquid oxygen container is not used for a period of time, there is a small amount of oxygen vented into the vicinity of the container. If the container is tipped over or placed on its side, a larger amount of oxygen will be vented. This venting may create an oxygen-enriched atmosphere if the container is stored in a confined space.
* In an oxygen-enriched atmosphere, materials that are combustible and flammable in air ignite more easily, burn more vigorously and produce a higher temperature when burning. Materials not normally considered to be combustible may be so in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. Examples of these types of materials that may be found on or near patients/residents in health care facilities can include hair oils, oil-based lubricants, skin lotions, facial tissues, clothing, bed linens, alcohols, acetone and some plastics. Absorbent materials such as clothing or bedding, for example, may become saturated with oxygen when exposed to oxygen or an oxygen-enriched atmosphere and more readily ignite in the presence of a source of ignition.
* A hazard can also exist if the oxygen equipment becomes contaminated with oil or grease. It is important to keep liquid oxygen separated from sources of ignition.
* Unfortunately, there are many items in a typical patient/resident room in health care occupancies that can create a source of ignition if introduced into an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. These can include electric wheelchairs, electric razors, electric bed controls, hair dryers, remote television controls, television sets, radio and stereo equipment, computers, air conditioners, telephone handsets and fans.
Here are two other points to be aware of relating to the temperature and vaporization hazards:
* Liquid oxygen boils at –297.3 degrees Fahrenheit and is extremely cold. If permitted to contact skin or non-protective clothing, cold surfaces present on liquid oxygen systems such as valves, lines or couplings can cause severe frostbite or cryogenic burns. Skin will stick to cold surfaces at cryogenic temperatures, causing additional injury.
* One volume of liquid oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure when warmed will expand significantly and when vaporized will produce approximately 860 volumes of gaseous oxygen at ambient temperatures. The large volume of gaseous oxygen resulting from the vaporization of liquid oxygen has the potential, if trapped in a closed circuit not adequately protected by pressure relief devices, to generate gas pressures high enough to cause explosive rupture of containers, transfer lines, piping, and other system components.
Details
Liquid oxygen, sometimes abbreviated as LOX or LOXygen, is the liquid form of molecular oxygen. It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard, an application which has continued to the present.
Physical properties
Liquid oxygen has a light or pale cyan color and is strongly paramagnetic: it can be suspended between the poles of a powerful horseshoe magnet. Liquid oxygen has a density of 1.141 kg/L (1.141 g/ml), slightly denser than liquid water, and is cryogenic with a freezing point of 54.36 K (−218.79 °C; −361.82 °F) and a boiling point of 90.19 K (−182.96 °C; −297.33 °F) at 1 bar (15 psi). Liquid oxygen has an expansion ratio of 1:861 and because of this, it is used in some commercial and military aircraft as a transportable source of breathing oxygen.
Because of its cryogenic nature, liquid oxygen can cause the materials it touches to become extremely brittle. Liquid oxygen is also a very powerful oxidizing agent: organic materials will burn rapidly and energetically in liquid oxygen. Further, if soaked in liquid oxygen, some materials such as coal briquettes, carbon black, etc., can detonate unpredictably from sources of ignition such as flames, sparks or impact from light blows. Petrochemicals, including asphalt, often exhibit this behavior.
The tetraoxygen molecule (O4) was first predicted in 1924 by Gilbert N. Lewis, who proposed it to explain why liquid oxygen defied Curie's law. Modern computer simulations indicate that, although there are no stable O4 molecules in liquid oxygen, O2 molecules do tend to associate in pairs with antiparallel spins, forming transient O4 units.
Liquid nitrogen has a lower boiling point at −196 °C (77 K) than oxygen's −183 °C (90 K), and vessels containing liquid nitrogen can condense oxygen from air: when most of the nitrogen has evaporated from such a vessel, there is a risk that liquid oxygen remaining can react violently with organic material. Conversely, liquid nitrogen or liquid air can be oxygen-enriched by letting it stand in open air; atmospheric oxygen dissolves in it, while nitrogen evaporates preferentially.
The surface tension of liquid oxygen at its normal pressure boiling point is 13.2 dyn/cm.
Uses
In commerce, liquid oxygen is classified as an industrial gas and is widely used for industrial and medical purposes. Liquid oxygen is obtained from the oxygen found naturally in air by fractional distillation in a cryogenic air separation plant.
Air forces have long recognized the strategic importance of liquid oxygen, both as an oxidizer and as a supply of gaseous oxygen for breathing in hospitals and high-altitude aircraft flights. In 1985, the USAF started a program of building its own oxygen-generation facilities at all major consumption bases.
In rocket propellant
Liquid oxygen is the most common cryogenic liquid oxidizer propellant for spacecraft rocket applications, usually in combination with liquid hydrogen, kerosene or methane.
Liquid oxygen was used in the first liquid fueled rocket. The World War II V-2 missile also used liquid oxygen under the name A-Stoff and Sauerstoff. In the 1950s, during the Cold War both the United States' Redstone and Atlas rockets, and the Soviet R-7 Semyorka used liquid oxygen. Later, in the 1960s and 1970s, the ascent stages of the Apollo Saturn rockets, and the Space Shuttle main engines used liquid oxygen.
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Gist
Amphibians are cold-blooded vertebrates (vertebrates have backbones) that don’t have scales. They live part of their lives in water and part on land.
Summary
Amphibian is (class Amphibia), any member of the group of vertebrate animals characterized by their ability to exploit both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The name amphibian, derived from the Greek amphibios meaning “living a double life,” reflects this dual life strategy—though some species are permanent land dwellers, while other species have a completely aquatic mode of existence.
Approximately 8,100 species of living amphibians are known. First appearing about 340 million years ago during the Middle Mississippian Epoch, they were one of the earliest groups to diverge from ancestral fish-tetrapod stock during the evolution of animals from strictly aquatic forms to terrestrial types. Today amphibians are represented by frogs and toads (order Anura), newts and salamanders (order Caudata), and caecilians (order Gymnophiona). These three orders of living amphibians are thought to derive from a single radiation of ancient amphibians, and although strikingly different in body form, they are probably the closest relatives to one another. As a group, the three orders make up subclass Lissamphibia. Neither the lissamphibians nor any of the extinct groups of amphibians were the ancestors of the group of tetrapods that gave rise to reptiles. Though some aspects of the biology and anatomy of the various amphibian groups might demonstrate features possessed by reptilian ancestors, amphibians are not the intermediate step in the evolution of reptiles from fishes.
Modern amphibians are united by several unique traits. They typically have a moist skin and rely heavily on cutaneous (skin-surface) respiration. They possess a double-channeled hearing system, green rods in their retinas to discriminate hues, and pedicellate (two-part) teeth. Some of these traits may have also existed in extinct groups.
Members of the three extant orders differ markedly in their structural appearance. Frogs and toads are tailless and somewhat squat with long, powerful hind limbs modified for leaping. In contrast, caecilians are limbless, wormlike, and highly adapted for a burrowing existence. Salamanders and newts have tails and two pairs of limbs of roughly the same size; however, they are somewhat less specialized in body form than the other two orders.
Many amphibians are obligate breeders in standing water. Eggs are laid in water, and the developing larvae are essentially free-living embryos; they must find their own food, escape predators, and perform other life functions while they continue to develop. As the larvae complete their embryonic development, they adopt an adult body plan that allows them to leave aquatic habitats for terrestrial ones. Even though this metamorphosis from aquatic to terrestrial life occurs in members of all three amphibian groups, there are many variants, and some taxa bear their young alive. Indeed, the roughly 8,100 living species of amphibians display more evolutionary experiments in reproductive mode than any other vertebrate group. Some taxa have aquatic eggs and larvae, whereas others embed their eggs in the skin on the back of the female; these eggs hatch as tadpoles or miniature frogs. In other groups, the young develop within the oviduct, with the embryos feeding on the wall of the oviduct. In some species, eggs develop within the female’s stomach.
Details
Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia. In its broad sense, it is paraphyletic group encompassing all tetrapods excluding the amniotes (tetrapods with an amniotic membrane, such as modern reptiles, birds, and mammals). All extant (living) amphibians belong to the monophyletic subclass Lissamphibia, with three living orders: Anura (frogs), Urodela (salamanders), and Gymnophiona (caecilians). Evolved to be mostly semiaquatic, amphibians have adapted to inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living in freshwater, wetland or terrestrial ecosystems (such as riparian woodland, fossorial and even arboreal habitats). Their life cycle typically starts out as aquatic larvae with gills known as tadpoles, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this.
The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. They are superficially similar to reptiles like lizards, but unlike reptiles and other amniotes, require water bodies in which to breed. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic decline in amphibian populations for many species around the globe.
The earliest amphibians evolved in the Devonian period from sarcopterygian fish with lungs and bony-limbed fins, features that were helpful in adapting to dry land. They diversified and became ecologically dominant during the Carboniferous and Permian periods, but were later displaced in terrestrial environments by early reptiles and basal synapsids (mammal predecessors). The origin of modern amphibians belonging to Lissamphibia, which first appeared during the Early Triassic, around 250 million years ago, has long been contentious. However the emerging consensus is that they likely originated from temnospondyls, the most diverse group of prehistoric amphibians, during the Permian period.
A fourth group of lissamphibians, the Albanerpetontidae, became extinct around 2 million years ago. The number of known amphibian species is approximately 8,000, of which nearly 90% are frogs. The smallest amphibian (and vertebrate) in the world is a frog from New Guinea (Paedophryne amauensis) with a length of just 7.7 mm (0.30 in). The largest living amphibian is the 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) South China giant salamander (Andrias sligoi), but this is dwarfed by prehistoric temnospondyls such as Mastodonsaurus which could reach up to 6 m (20 ft) in length. The study of amphibians is called batrachology, while the study of both reptiles and amphibians is called herpetology.
Classification
The word amphibian is derived from the Ancient Greek term (amphíbios), which means 'both kinds of life', meaning 'of both kinds' and βίος meaning 'life'. The term was initially used as a general adjective for animals that could live on land or in water, including seals and otters. Traditionally, the class Amphibia includes all tetrapod vertebrates that are not amniotes. Amphibia in its widest sense (sensu lato) was divided into three subclasses, two of which are extinct:
* Subclass Lepospondyli (A potentially polyphyletic Late Paleozoic group of small forms, likely more closely related to amniotes than Lissamphibia)
* Subclass Temnospondyli (diverse Late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic grade, some of which were large predators)
* Subclass Lissamphibia (all modern amphibians, including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians)
** Salientia (frogs, toads and relatives): Early Triassic to present—7,360 current species in 53 families. Modern (crown group) salientians are described via the name Anura.
** Caudata (salamanders, newts and relatives): Late Triassic to present—764 current species in 9 families. Modern (crown group) caudatans are described via the name Urodela.
** Gymnophiona (caecilians and relatives): Late Triassic to present—215 current species in 10 families. The name Apoda is also sometimes used for caecilians.
** Allocaudata (Albanerpetontidae) Middle Jurassic – Early Pleistocene
These three subclasses do not include all extinct amphibians. Other extinct amphibian groups include Embolomeri (Late Paleozoic large aquatic predators), Seymouriamorpha (semiaquatic to terrestrial Permian forms related to amniotes), among others. Names such as Tetrapoda and Stegocephalia encompass the entirety of amphibian-grade tetrapods, while Reptiliomorpha or Anthracosauria are variably used to describe extinct amphibians more closely related to amniotes than to lissamphibians.
The actual number of species in each group depends on the taxonomic classification followed. The two most common systems are the classification adopted by the website AmphibiaWeb, University of California, Berkeley, and the classification by herpetologist Darrel Frost and the American Museum of Natural History, available as the online reference database "Amphibian Species of the World". The numbers of species cited above follows Frost and the total number of known (living) amphibian species as of March 31, 2019, is exactly 8,000, of which nearly 90% are frogs.
With the phylogenetic classification, the taxon Labyrinthodontia has been discarded as it is a polyparaphyletic group without unique defining features apart from shared primitive characteristics. Classification varies according to the preferred phylogeny of the author and whether they use a stem-based or a node-based classification. Traditionally, amphibians as a class are defined as all tetrapods with a larval stage, while the group that includes the common ancestors of all living amphibians (frogs, salamanders and caecilians) and all their descendants is called Lissamphibia. The phylogeny of Paleozoic amphibians is uncertain, and Lissamphibia may possibly fall within extinct groups, like the Temnospondyli (traditionally placed in the subclass Labyrinthodontia) or the Lepospondyli, and in some analyses even in the amniotes. This means that advocates of phylogenetic nomenclature have removed a large number of basal Devonian and Carboniferous amphibian-type tetrapod groups that were formerly placed in Amphibia in Linnaean taxonomy, and included them elsewhere under cladistic taxonomy. If the common ancestor of amphibians and amniotes is included in Amphibia, it becomes a paraphyletic group.
All modern amphibians are included in the subclass Lissamphibia, which is usually considered a clade, a group of species that have evolved from a common ancestor. The three modern orders are Anura (the frogs), Caudata (or Urodela, the salamanders), and Gymnophiona (or Apoda, the caecilians). It has been suggested that salamanders arose separately from a temnospondyl-like ancestor, and even that caecilians are the sister group of the advanced reptiliomorph amphibians, and thus of amniotes. Although the fossils of several older proto-frogs with primitive characteristics are known, the oldest "true frog", with hopping adaptations is Prosalirus bitis, from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona. It is anatomically very similar to modern frogs. The oldest known caecilians are Funcusvermis gilmorei (from the Late Triassic) and Eocaecilia micropodia (from the Early Jurassic), both from Arizona. The earliest salamander is Beiyanerpeton jianpingensis from the Late Jurassic of northeastern China.
Authorities disagree as to whether Salientia is a superorder that includes the order Anura, or whether Anura is a sub-order of the order Salientia. The Lissamphibia are traditionally divided into three orders, but an extinct salamander-like family, the Albanerpetontidae, is now considered part of Lissamphibia alongside the superorder Salientia. Furthermore, Salientia includes all three recent orders plus the Triassic proto-frog, Triadobatrachus.
Additional Information
Amphibians are small vertebrates that need water, or a moist environment, to survive.
The species in this group include frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts. All can breathe and absorb water through their very thin skin.
Amphibians also have special skin glands that produce useful proteins. Some transport water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide either into or out of the animal. Others fight bacteria or fungal infections. And at least one—in each species—is used for defense.
To warn potential predators, the most toxic amphibians are also the most brightly colored. Curare [kyoo-RAW-ree], for example, is found on the skin of colorful poison dart frogs. Another special feature of most amphibians is their egg-larva-adult life cycle. The larvae are aquatic and free-swimming—frogs and toads at this stage are called tadpoles. At a certain size, the young develop limbs and lungs. Some also lose their tails. Eventually, they hop or climb out of the water as adults, and spend the rest of their lives on land. This process is known as metamorphosis.
Like reptiles, amphibians are cold-blooded. Because of their special skin, they require very specific living conditions. Too much sun can damage their cells. Too much wind can dry their skin and dehydrate the animal. As a result, amphibians are the first to die off when their habitats are disturbed or contaminated with chemicals like weed killers. This is the main reason over half of all frog species are in danger of extinction.
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Gist
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body. Its fiber-like structure is used to make connective tissue. Like the name implies, this type of tissue connects other tissues and is a major component of bone, skin, muscles, tendons, and cartilage.
Summary
Collagen is any of a group of proteins that are components of whitish, rather inelastic fibres of great tensile strength present in tendon and ligament and in the connective tissue layer of the skin—dermis—and in dentin and cartilage. Collagenous fibres occur in bundles up to several hundred microns wide, and the individual fibres can be separated into fine fibrils; the fibrils, furthermore, consist of even finer filaments with a periodic banded structure.
Collagen is a scleroprotein, being one of a family of proteins marked by low solubility in water. Collagen is especially rich in the amino acid glycine, and it is the only protein known to contain a substantial proportion of hydroxyproline. Upon exposure to boiling water, collagen is converted to gelatin.
Details
Collagen is a type of protein. Certain foods, such as animal skin and ligaments, are rich in collagen. Collagen is also available as a supplement.
Many people hoping to support the health of their skin, joints, and hair pop collagen supplements daily or add collagen powder to their morning coffee, tea, or smoothie.
Even though the use of collagen supplements and other collagen products is on the rise, most people don’t know what collagen actually is or what it does in the body.
This article tells you everything you need to know about collagen, including what it is, what it does in your body, and whether collagen supplements are worth it.
What is collagen and why is it important?
Collagen is a type of protein. In fact, it’s the most abundant structural protein in animals. A structural protein is one that makes up the structure or framework of your cells and tissues.
There are 28 known types of collagen, with type I collagen accounting for 90% of the collagen in the human body.
Collagen is composed mainly of the amino acids glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline. These amino acids form three strands, which make up the triple-helix structure characteristic of collagen.
Collagen is found in connective tissue, skin, tendons, bones, and cartilage. It provides structural support to tissues and plays important roles in cellular processes, including :
* tissue repair
* immune response
* cellular communication
* cellular migration, a process necessary for tissue maintenance
Connective tissue cells called fibroblasts produce and maintain collagen. As people grow older, their collagen becomes fragmented, fibroblast function becomes impaired, and collagen production slows.
These changes, along with the loss of another key structural protein called elastin, lead to signs of aging such as sagging skin and wrinkles.
Collagen uses
Your body naturally produces collagen, and you can consume it through dietary sources such as chicken skin and fish skin as well as collagen supplements.
Oral and topical collagen products like supplements and face creams are popular for treating signs of aging such as wrinkles, loss of skin hydration, and joint pain.
You can buy collagen in powder, capsule, and liquid form.
You can take it as a supplement or add it to beverages — both hot and cold — and foods such as oatmeal, yogurt, and energy balls.
Healthcare professionals also use collagen and collagen-based materials in the medical field, including in treating wounds, burns, and diabetic ulcers.
Additionally, cosmetics companies use collagen in products like moisturizers and serums because of its moisturizing and humectant properties.
SUMMARY
Your body makes collagen naturally. Collagen is found in connective tissue, skin, tendon, bone, and cartilage and has many functions. It’s also present in some foods, and you can take it as a supplement.
What causes collagen loss?
As you age, your collagen production naturally declines. Additionally, collagen becomes fragmented and more loosely distributed.
These changes lead to the characteristic signs of aging, such as wrinkles and dry, sagging skin. The integrity of the collagen found in the skeletal system decreases with age as well, leading to reductions in bone strength.
While collagen loss and damage as you age are inevitable, certain dietary and lifestyle factors can accelerate this process.
For example, smoking cigarettes is known to degrade collagen and cause skin aging, wrinkles, and loss of elasticity.
Excessive drinking has also been shown to accelerate skin aging by reducing collagen production and damaging skin repair mechanisms.
Additionally, following a diet high in added sugar and ultra-processed foods can lead to premature aging by contributing to a process called glycation, which reduces collagen turnover and interferes with collagen’s ability to interact with surrounding cells and proteins.
Excessive sun exposure degrades collagen production as well, so wearing sunscreen and avoiding excessive sun exposure can help prevent signs of premature skin aging.
SUMMARY
Age-related collagen loss is unavoidable, but dietary and lifestyle factors such as smoking and excessive alcohol intake can speed up this process.
What foods are rich in collagen?
Collagen is found in all animals, and it’s concentrated in some parts of an animal, such as skin and joints.
Here are few examples of collagen-rich foods:
* bones, skin, and ligaments of animals, such as chicken skin and pig knuckle
* certain types of seafood, such as fish skin and jellyfish
* products made from animal parts such as bones and ligaments, including bone broth
Because your body naturally produces collagen from amino acids, you can support collagen production by ensuring that you’re eating adequate amounts of protein from foods like poultry, fish, beans, and eggs.
In addition to amino acids, your body needs other dietary components for collagen production and maintenance.
For example, vitamin C is necessary for collagen synthesis, so having low or deficient levels of vitamin C can lead to impaired collagen production.
Therefore, consuming plenty of vitamin C-rich foods can help support healthy collagen production. For example, try citrus fruits, peppers, greens, and berries.
What’s more, consuming a diet high in beneficial plant compounds could also help improve skin health by reducing inflammation and protecting against collagen degradation.
SUMMARY
Certain foods, such as animal skin and ligaments, are rich in collagen. A collagen-supportive diet should include protein-rich foods as well as fruits and vegetables, which are rich in vitamin C and other antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.
What are the benefits of taking collagen?
Studies have shown that taking collagen supplements may offer a few benefits.
Potential skin benefits
One of the most popular uses of collagen supplements is to support skin health. Research suggests that taking collagen supplements may improve certain aspects of skin health and appearance.
A review of 19 studies that included 1,125 participants (95% women) between the ages of 20 and 70 found that taking hydrolyzed collagen improved skin hydration, elasticity, and wrinkles compared with placebo treatments.
Hydrolyzed collagen is a common type of collagen used in supplements that is created using a process called hydrolysis. This process breaks down the protein into smaller pieces, making it easier for the body to absorb.
A number of studies have shown that taking collagen supplements may improve skin hydration and elasticity and reduce the appearance of wrinkles.
However, keep in mind that many of these studies were funded by companies that manufacture collagen products, which could have influenced the study results.
The doses of collagen shown to be effective for improving skin health in research studies vary, though most studies have used 2.5–15 grams per day for 8 weeks or longer.
Potential benefits for bones
In addition to improving some aspects of skin health and appearance, collagen supplements may offer a few other benefits.
One study looked at the effects of taking collagen supplements in 102 women in postmenopause who had reduced bone mineral density (BMD).
Those who took 5 grams of collagen peptides per day for 1 year had significant increases in BMD in their spine and femur (a bone in the lower leg) compared with participants who took a placebo.
A follow-up study in 31 of these women found that taking 5 grams of collagen daily for a total of 4 years was associated with a progressive increase in BMD.
The researchers found that participants’ BMD increased by 5.79–8.16% in the spine and by 1.23–4.21% in the femur during the follow-up period.
These findings suggest that taking collagen supplements long-term may help increase bone mineral density in people in postmenopause, who are at a greater risk of developing osteopenia and osteoporosis.
What’s more, one review article concluded that taking oral collagen supplements reduced participants’ symptoms related to osteoarthritis, including stiffness.
Collagen supplements may provide other health benefits as well, such as improving body composition in certain populations when combined with resistance training.
It’s important to note that studies observed these beneficial effects of taking collagen mainly in older women with low bone mineral density.
Therefore, collagen supplements may not have the same effects in other populations, such as men, those who are younger, or those who don’t have low bone mineral density.
Additional Information
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix found in the body's various connective tissues. As the main component of connective tissue, it is the most abundant protein in mammals, making up from 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content. Collagen consists of amino acids bound together to form a triple helix of elongated fibril[ known as a collagen helix. It is mostly found in connective tissue such as cartilage, bones, tendons, ligaments, and skin. Vitamin C is vital for collagen synthesis, and Vitamin E improves the production of collagen.
Depending upon the degree of mineralization, collagen tissues may be rigid (bone) or compliant (tendon) or have a gradient from rigid to compliant (cartilage). Collagen is also abundant in corneas, blood vessels, the gut, intervertebral discs, and the dentin in teeth. In muscle tissue, it serves as a major component of the endomysium. Collagen constitutes one to two percent of muscle tissue and accounts for 6% of the weight of the skeletal muscle tissue. The fibroblast is the most common cell that creates collagen. Gelatin, which is used in food and industry, is collagen that has been irreversibly hydrolyzed using heat, basic solutions or weak acids.
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