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I am not surprised you find this confusing. This looks like a very old book and the English is ancient too. There are more modern ways for learning about this. I'll have a go at 'translating' it into math.
If S is a square number then R = root = √ S [ I'm using => as the symbol for 'this means that' or 'implies' or 'therefore' ]
This idea is used again and again in these 5 examples.
eg.1 √ S = 5 => S = 25
eg.2 S/3 = 4R => S = 12R But S = RxR (R times R) so R = 12 and S = 144
eg.3 5xS = 10 x R divide both by 5 => S = 2R => R = 2 and S = 4
eg.4 5S = 80 => S = 80/5 = 16 => R = 4
eg.5 S/2 = 18 => S = 36 => R = 6
Hope that helps,
Bob
Children are not defined by school ...........The Fonz
You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself..........Galileo Galilei
Sometimes I deliberately make mistakes, just to test you! …………….Bob
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